Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2020-120
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2020-120
19 Nov 2020
 | 19 Nov 2020
Status: this preprint is currently under review for the journal WES.

Offshore and onshore ground-generation airborne wind energy power curve characterization

Markus Sommerfeld, Martin Dörenkämper, Jochem De Schutter, and Curran Crawford

Abstract. Airborne wind energy systems (AWESs) aim to operate at altitudes well above conventional wind turbines (WTs) and harvest energy from stronger winds aloft. While multiple AWES concepts compete for entry into the market, this study focuses on ground-generation AWES. Various companies and researchers proposed power curve characterizations for AWES, but no consensus for an industry-wide standard has been reached. An universal description of a ground-generation AWES power curve is difficult to define because of complex tether and drag losses as well as alternating flight paths over changing wind conditions with altitude, as compared to conventional WT with winds at fixed hub height and rotor area normalization. Therefore, this study determines AWES power and annual energy prediction (AEP) based on the awenox optimal control model for two AWES sizes, driven by representative 10-minute onshore and offshore mesoscale WRF wind data. The wind resource is analyzed with respect to atmospheric stability as well as annual and diurnal variation. The wind data is categorized using k-means clustering, to reduce the computational cost. The impact of changing wind conditions on AWES trajectory and power cycle is investigated. Optimal operating heights are below 400 m onshore and below 200 m offshore. Efforts are made to derive AWES power coefficients similar to conventional WT to enable a simple power and AEP estimation for a given site and system. This AWES power coefficient decreases up to rated power due to the increasing tether length with wind speed and the accompanying tether losses. A comparison between different AEP estimation methods shows that a low number of clusters with three representative wind profiles within the clusters yields the highest AEP, as other wind models average out high wind speeds which are responsible for a high percentage of the overall AEP.

Markus Sommerfeld et al.

 
Status: final response (author comments only)
Status: final response (author comments only)
AC: Author comment | RC: Referee comment | SC: Short comment | EC: Editor comment

Markus Sommerfeld et al.

Markus Sommerfeld et al.

Viewed

Total article views: 737 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
HTML PDF XML Total BibTeX EndNote
488 231 18 737 27 23
  • HTML: 488
  • PDF: 231
  • XML: 18
  • Total: 737
  • BibTeX: 27
  • EndNote: 23
Views and downloads (calculated since 19 Nov 2020)
Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 19 Nov 2020)

Viewed (geographical distribution)

Total article views: 698 (including HTML, PDF, and XML) Thereof 696 with geography defined and 2 with unknown origin.
Country # Views %
  • 1
1
 
 
 
 
Latest update: 27 May 2023
Download
Short summary
This research describes the optimal ground-generation airborne wind energy system power and representative for two system sizes. The flight trajectory is subject to representative, simulated onshore and offshore wind data. Wind conditions up to 1000 m are analyzed with respect to wind profile shape, atmospheric stability as well as annual and diurnal variation. Performance is compared to that of conventional wind turbines.