the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
CFD analysis of a Darrieus Vertical-Axis Wind turbine installation on the rooftop of a buildings under turbulent inflow conditions
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics, Pfaffenwaldring 21, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics, Pfaffenwaldring 21, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Abstract. The behavior of a rooftop mounted generic H-rotor Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine (H-VAWT) is investigated numerically in realistic urban terrain. The interaction of the atmospheric boundary layer with the different buildings, topography, and vegetation present in the urban environment leads to the highly turbulent inflow conditions with continuously changing inclination, and direction. Consequently, all these factors can influence the performance of a VAWT significantly. In order to simulate a small H-VAWT at rooftop locations in the urban terrain under turbulent inflow conditions, a computational approach is developed. First, the flow field in the terrain is initialized and computed with inflow turbulence. Later, the wind turbine grids are superimposed for further computation in the turbulent flow field. The behavior of the H-VAWT is complex due to the 3D unsteady aerodynamics resulting from continuously changing the angle of attack, blade wake interaction, and dynamic stall. To get more insights into the behavior of a rooftop mounted H-VAWT in turbulent flow, high fidelity DDES simulations are performed at different rooftop positions and compared the results against the behavior at uniform inflow conditions in the absence of inflow turbulence, built environment. It is found that the performance of wind turbine is significantly increased near the rooftop positions. The skewed flow at the rooftop location increases the complexity. However, this effect contributes positively to increasing the performance of wind turbines.
Pradip Zamre and Thorsten Lutz
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on wes-2021-112', Gerard J.W. van Bussel, 16 Nov 2021
Content and approach
The paper deals with numerical simulations of the performance of an H shaped Vertical Axis Wind Turbine in an urban environment.
The aerodynamic design of the VAWT is taken from a paper published in 2016 in Renewable Energy, Volume 90, but for the current simulations the rotor is scaled up with a factor 3.5 to a 7x 4.2 m size.
A high-resolution scale resolving DDES CFD simulation and higher order numerical scheme is used to perform the simulations. First the rotor is simulated in uniform inflow conditions to generate the normal forces, tangential forces and moments as a function of azimuth angle for several tip speed ratio’s.
For the next simulations a grid model of the "Morgenstelle" campus of the University of Tübingen in Germany is made. And on this grid the turbulent flow field for an urban environment including two schematized buildings and a forest area is simulated, and finally the two VAWT’s are added on top of the two buildings and the complete simulations are performed for three different heights above the rooftops. Starting point for the last round of simulations is the fully developed flow field of the urban environment without the wind turbines. The introduction of the two wind turbines in the urban wind field grid is done by applying overlapping grid technique.
Simulation results are presented for the normal, tangential forces on the rotor as well as moments as a function of azimuth angle, for both the uniform inflow conditions and for the rooftop locations.
Also some insight is given in the local flow conditions for the three positions on top of both buildings where the wind turbines are placed.Validity of the conclusions
A first conclusion is that turbines a significant reduction in the computation cost is realised through the initial simulation of the urban wind field without the wind turbines until a converged solution is obtained followed by the subsequent introduction of the wind turbines using this overlapping grid technique. Though this conclusion may be plausible, it is not demonstrated since there is no information presented about computational time, nor a comparison is made with the computation time for a more classical approach. This information needs to be added to the manuscript.
A second conclusion drawn is that the performance of wind turbine is significantly increased in rooftop positions. Especially the lower altitudes (10 and 12 m above the rooftop) are identified as having a “significant improvement of the performance”. But I strongly doubt the validity of this conclusion. That is to say it is the result of the comparative calculations performed for the manuscript, but I am afraid it does not at all say something for a practical situation.
The reason is the assumption about the operational condition of the rooftop wind turbines in the simulations. In line 330 the authors state: “… the rotational speeds are deduced depending on the wind speed and the operating point of λ = 2.75.” This means that the rotational speed of the wind turbine is always instantaneously following the (highly) fluctuating incoming wind speed in the case of roof top application. And this is of course totally unrealistic. There is a lot of inertia in the system and the wind turbine control also has a role in the response of the rotational speed of the wind turbine on fluctuations in the incoming wind. The result is that the wind turbine will, most of the time, NOT run on its optimal tip speed ratio, and hence it results in power loss. And this is not modelled at all in the current simulations.And evidently the same doubts hold for the third conclusion: “Therefore, it can be concluded that turbulence has a positive impact on performance”, because again the assumption that here is an instantaneous adaptation of rotational speed to wind speed fluctuations is not realistic.
A annotation version of the manuscript is added with a number of detailed comments, recommendations and issues that need to be adressed in order to improve the manuscript.
- AC1: 'Reply to Reviewer 1', Pradip Zamre, 02 Feb 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on wes-2021-112', Martin Hansen, 06 Dec 2021
It is a well written paper and the CFD part is of very high quality as is also the discussion and conclusions. I do, however, have a few comments that should be addressed
On page 2 line 41 is stated that the wake recovery is faster for a VAWT than a HAWT. Is this a postulate or can you give a reference clearly showing this ?
The chosen VAWT has a very low aspect ratio of L/D=0.6, that must give a highly 3-D flow due to large end effects and makes the calculations more challenging and perhaps more uncertain. This is not mentioned and some flow visualizations of the flow past the rotor would be nice. The turbine also have an unconventional Cp-lambda curve for a VAWT, Fig. 8. The peak Cp occurs at a very low tip speed ratio and can you explain why.
On page 9 is refered to a 2-D DES simulation. I assume this is 2.5D ?
On page 11 is stated that the tip speed ratio is kept constant by varying the rotational speed. This must cause a large variation in airfoil Re number. Could this be important for the solution ? Perhaps you could state the Re range.
You may state it somewhere, but please specify more clearly the flow direction used in Figure 9. The resulting flow on the roof tops must be very dependent on wind direction.
- AC2: 'Reply to Reviewer 2', Pradip Zamre, 02 Feb 2022
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on wes-2021-112', Gerard J.W. van Bussel, 16 Nov 2021
Content and approach
The paper deals with numerical simulations of the performance of an H shaped Vertical Axis Wind Turbine in an urban environment.
The aerodynamic design of the VAWT is taken from a paper published in 2016 in Renewable Energy, Volume 90, but for the current simulations the rotor is scaled up with a factor 3.5 to a 7x 4.2 m size.
A high-resolution scale resolving DDES CFD simulation and higher order numerical scheme is used to perform the simulations. First the rotor is simulated in uniform inflow conditions to generate the normal forces, tangential forces and moments as a function of azimuth angle for several tip speed ratio’s.
For the next simulations a grid model of the "Morgenstelle" campus of the University of Tübingen in Germany is made. And on this grid the turbulent flow field for an urban environment including two schematized buildings and a forest area is simulated, and finally the two VAWT’s are added on top of the two buildings and the complete simulations are performed for three different heights above the rooftops. Starting point for the last round of simulations is the fully developed flow field of the urban environment without the wind turbines. The introduction of the two wind turbines in the urban wind field grid is done by applying overlapping grid technique.
Simulation results are presented for the normal, tangential forces on the rotor as well as moments as a function of azimuth angle, for both the uniform inflow conditions and for the rooftop locations.
Also some insight is given in the local flow conditions for the three positions on top of both buildings where the wind turbines are placed.Validity of the conclusions
A first conclusion is that turbines a significant reduction in the computation cost is realised through the initial simulation of the urban wind field without the wind turbines until a converged solution is obtained followed by the subsequent introduction of the wind turbines using this overlapping grid technique. Though this conclusion may be plausible, it is not demonstrated since there is no information presented about computational time, nor a comparison is made with the computation time for a more classical approach. This information needs to be added to the manuscript.
A second conclusion drawn is that the performance of wind turbine is significantly increased in rooftop positions. Especially the lower altitudes (10 and 12 m above the rooftop) are identified as having a “significant improvement of the performance”. But I strongly doubt the validity of this conclusion. That is to say it is the result of the comparative calculations performed for the manuscript, but I am afraid it does not at all say something for a practical situation.
The reason is the assumption about the operational condition of the rooftop wind turbines in the simulations. In line 330 the authors state: “… the rotational speeds are deduced depending on the wind speed and the operating point of λ = 2.75.” This means that the rotational speed of the wind turbine is always instantaneously following the (highly) fluctuating incoming wind speed in the case of roof top application. And this is of course totally unrealistic. There is a lot of inertia in the system and the wind turbine control also has a role in the response of the rotational speed of the wind turbine on fluctuations in the incoming wind. The result is that the wind turbine will, most of the time, NOT run on its optimal tip speed ratio, and hence it results in power loss. And this is not modelled at all in the current simulations.And evidently the same doubts hold for the third conclusion: “Therefore, it can be concluded that turbulence has a positive impact on performance”, because again the assumption that here is an instantaneous adaptation of rotational speed to wind speed fluctuations is not realistic.
A annotation version of the manuscript is added with a number of detailed comments, recommendations and issues that need to be adressed in order to improve the manuscript.
- AC1: 'Reply to Reviewer 1', Pradip Zamre, 02 Feb 2022
-
RC2: 'Comment on wes-2021-112', Martin Hansen, 06 Dec 2021
It is a well written paper and the CFD part is of very high quality as is also the discussion and conclusions. I do, however, have a few comments that should be addressed
On page 2 line 41 is stated that the wake recovery is faster for a VAWT than a HAWT. Is this a postulate or can you give a reference clearly showing this ?
The chosen VAWT has a very low aspect ratio of L/D=0.6, that must give a highly 3-D flow due to large end effects and makes the calculations more challenging and perhaps more uncertain. This is not mentioned and some flow visualizations of the flow past the rotor would be nice. The turbine also have an unconventional Cp-lambda curve for a VAWT, Fig. 8. The peak Cp occurs at a very low tip speed ratio and can you explain why.
On page 9 is refered to a 2-D DES simulation. I assume this is 2.5D ?
On page 11 is stated that the tip speed ratio is kept constant by varying the rotational speed. This must cause a large variation in airfoil Re number. Could this be important for the solution ? Perhaps you could state the Re range.
You may state it somewhere, but please specify more clearly the flow direction used in Figure 9. The resulting flow on the roof tops must be very dependent on wind direction.
- AC2: 'Reply to Reviewer 2', Pradip Zamre, 02 Feb 2022
Pradip Zamre and Thorsten Lutz
Pradip Zamre and Thorsten Lutz
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