Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-23
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-23
15 Mar 2023
 | 15 Mar 2023
Status: this preprint is currently under review for the journal WES.

Sensitivity analysis of wake steering optimisation for wind farm power maximisation

Filippo Gori, Sylvain Laizet, and Andrew Wynn

Abstract. Modern large–scale wind farms consist of multiple turbines clustered together, usually in well–structured formations. Clustering has a number of drawbacks during a wind farm’s operation, as some of the downstream turbines will inevitably operate in the wake of those upstream, with a significant reduction in power output and an increase in fatigue loads. Wake steering, a control strategy in which upstream wind turbines are misaligned with the wind to redirect their wakes away from downstream turbines, is a promising strategy to mitigate power losses. The purpose of this work is to investigate the sensitivity of open-loop wake steering optimisation in which an internal predictive wake model is used to determine the farm power output as a function of the turbine yaw angles. Three different layouts are investigated with increasing levels of complexity. A simple 2×1 farm layout in aligned conditions is first considered, allowing for a careful investigation of sensitivity to wake models and operational set-points. A medium-complexity case of a generic 5×5 farm layout in aligned conditions is examined, to enable the study of a more complex design space. The final layout investigated is the Horns Rev wind farm (80 turbines), for which there has been very little study of the performance or sensitivity of wake steering optimisation. Overall, the results indicate a strong sensitivity of wake steering strategies to both analytical wake model choice, and to the particular implementation of algorithms used for optimisation. Significant variability can be observed in both farm power improvement and optimal yaw settings, depending on the optimisation set-up. Through a statistical analysis of the impact of optimiser initialisation and a study of the multi-modal and discontinuous nature of the underlying farm power objective functions, this study shows that the uncovered sensitivities represent a fundamental challenge to robustly identifying globally optimal solutions for the high-dimensional optimisation problems arising from realistic wind farm layouts. This paper proposes a simple strategy for sensitivity mitigation by introducing additional optimisation constraints, leading to higher farm power improvements and more consistent, coherent, and practicable optimal yaw angle settings.

Filippo Gori et al.

Status: open (until 17 Apr 2023)

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse

Filippo Gori et al.

Filippo Gori et al.

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Short summary
Wake steering is a promising strategy to increase the power output of modern wind farms by mitigating the negative effects of aerodynamic interaction among turbines. As farm layouts grow in size to meet renewable targets, the complexity of wake steering optimisation increases too. With the objective of enabling robust and predictable wake steering solutions, this study investigates the sensitivity of wake steering optimisation for three different farm layouts with increasing complexity levels.