Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-125
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-125
05 Nov 2024
 | 05 Nov 2024
Status: this preprint is currently under review for the journal WES.

A listening experiment exploring the relationship between noise annoyance and sound quality metrics for airborne energy systems

Helena Schmidt, Renatto M. Yupa-Villanueva, Daniele Ragni, Roberto Merino-Martínez, Piet van Gool, and Roland Schmehl

Abstract. The present study investigates the relationship between sound quality metrics (SQMs) and noise annoyance for airborne wind energy systems (AWESs) reported in a listening experiment. A convenience sample of 75 participants rated their annoyance on the International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN) scale in response to nine recordings from in-field measurements of two different fixed-wing and one soft-wing ground-generation AWES. All recordings were normalized to have the same A-weighted equivalent sound pressure level. The acoustical analyses showed that the fixed-wing kites presented a more tonal and narrowband sound signature than the soft-wing kite. Linear-mixed effects models indicated that sharpness was the only SQM predicting participants’ annoyance ratings and that the fixed-wing kites were rated as more annoying than the soft-wing kite. In addition, the effect of some SQMs on annoyance depended on participant characteristics, with loudness having a weaker impact on annoyance for participants familiar with AWESs and tonality having a weaker effect on annoyance for older participants. However, these moderation effects could be random due to the non-probability sampling used.

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Helena Schmidt, Renatto M. Yupa-Villanueva, Daniele Ragni, Roberto Merino-Martínez, Piet van Gool, and Roland Schmehl

Status: open (until 21 Dec 2024)

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Helena Schmidt, Renatto M. Yupa-Villanueva, Daniele Ragni, Roberto Merino-Martínez, Piet van Gool, and Roland Schmehl

Data sets

Respondents' noise annoyance ratings for airborne wind energy systems measured in a laboratory listening experiment Helena Schmidt, Renatto Yupa Villanueva, Daniele Ragni, Roberto Merino-Martinez, Piet van Gool, and Roland Schmehl https://data.4tu.nl/private_datasets/11wCOgnga-GfjzL4oufzdd1UPRPP2YVFVnjRaKcHJhE

Helena Schmidt, Renatto M. Yupa-Villanueva, Daniele Ragni, Roberto Merino-Martínez, Piet van Gool, and Roland Schmehl

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Short summary
This study investigates noise annoyance caused by airborne wind energy systems (AWESs), a novel wind energy technology that uses kites to harness high-altitude winds. Through a listening experiment with 75 participants, sharpness was identified as the key factor predicting annoyance. Fixed-wing kites generated more annoyance than soft-wing kites, likely due to their sharper, more tonal sound. The findings can help improve AWESs’ designs, reducing noise-related disturbances for nearby residents.
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