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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2025-287</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Computational Fluid Dynamics surrogate model for wind turbine interaction including atmospheric stability</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van der Laan</surname>
<given-names>Maarten Paul</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8778-2302</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meyer Forsting</surname>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-1860</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Réthoré</surname>
<given-names>Pierre-Elouan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-5440</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Technical University of Denmark, DTU Wind and Energy Systems, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Maarten Paul van der Laan et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2025-287/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2025-287/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2025-287/wes-2025-287.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2025-287/wes-2025-287.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Wind turbine wake and blockage effects can reduce the energy yield in wind farms and fast models are required to mitigate these effects by wind farm layout optimization. However, most fast models do not account for important physics that impact wake and blockage effects, as for example atmospheric stability. In this work, we propose a surrogate model of a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) wind farm model including atmospheric surface layer stability that is about five orders of magnitude faster than the original model. The surrogate model is based on a single wake database of stream-wise velocity deficit and wake-added turbulence intensity, generated by a RANS model. The surrogate model is evaluated against the RANS model for different inflow conditions and wind farms. The errors of the surrogate model are reduced by a factor two to four when taking into account wake-added turbulence intensity and the use of a rotor-averaging model in combination with a momentum-based wake superposition method. However, the computational effort of the surrogate model is still an order of magnitude larger compared to traditional engineering wake models and more research is required to reduce it.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="25"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Horizon 2020</funding-source>
<award-id>101084216</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
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