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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-102</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Brief communication: Enhanced wind turbine fatigue load estimation using digital shadows with data-driven bias correction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hoghooghi</surname>
<given-names>Hadi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-532X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bottasso</surname>
<given-names>Carlo L.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-4389</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Wind Energy Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Hadi Hoghooghi</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-102/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-102/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-102/wes-2026-102.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-102/wes-2026-102.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This study proposes a digital shadow framework for wind turbine load estimation that integrates a linearized industrial-grade aeroelastic model with a deep learning&amp;ndash;based bias correction (BC) method. To address model mismatches and limited inflow representation, a learning-based bias correction strategy is introduced, where static bias terms are first calibrated via wind-speed-dependent fitting, followed by perturbed correction profiles and parametric simulations to construct a digital shadow dataset. A neural network (NN) is then trained to map operating conditions and bias parameters to load estimation errors, enabling adaptive correction under unseen conditions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The proposed method is validated using field data spanning diverse inflow conditions, achieving a reduction in blade bending moment DEL prediction errors at the 25 % span location from 15&amp;ndash;25 % to below 5 %. This demonstrates strong robustness and improved capture of inflow&amp;ndash;structure interactions. Overall, the framework provides a scalable pathway to data-driven digital shadows and a foundation for future digital twin applications in real-time load estimation and operational optimization.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="25"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz</funding-source>
<award-id>PowerTracker (FKZ: 03EE2036A)</award-id>
<award-id>CompactWind II  (FKZ: 0325492G)</award-id>
<award-id>Life-Odometer (FKZ: 03EE3037B)</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>HORIZON EUROPE Climate, Energy and Mobility</funding-source>
<award-id>MERIDIONAL (no. 101084216)</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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