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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-14</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Fast blockage models for wind-farm power prediction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Devesse</surname>
<given-names>Koen</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2404-6444</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meyers</surname>
<given-names>Johan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2828-4397</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>13</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>23</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Koen Devesse</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-14/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-14/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-14/wes-2026-14.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-14/wes-2026-14.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Large offshore wind farms can trigger atmospheric gravity waves, with the associated hydrostatic blockage effect impacting their energy yield. Unfortunately, to date no tools exist that can model this wind-farm gravity-wave interaction and blockage at a computational cost that is not drastically higher than conventional engineering wake models. To address this, this paper applies insights from two-scale momentum (2SM) theory to an atmospheric perturbation model (APM), thereby significantly speeding up the latter. This leads to two different models, with one using pre-computed farm-level coefficients to compute the turbine forces and power output, while the other relies on repeated wake model evaluations. The core 2SM hypothesis and both developed models are validated using a prior LES dataset of a large wind farm. Both fast 2SM&amp;mdash;APMs perform well, predicting blockage-corrected farm power at a computational cost that is only a factor 40 slower than a standalone wake model.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="23"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Federale Overheidsdienst Economie, K.M.O., Middenstand en Energie</funding-source>
<award-id>-</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>HORIZON EUROPE Climate, Energy and Mobility</funding-source>
<award-id>101084205</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen</funding-source>
<award-id>HBC.2022.0549</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
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</article>