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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-142</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Static Closed-Loop Wake Steering and Induction Control in Floating Wind Farms for Load-Constrained Power Optimization</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bellini</surname>
<given-names>Federico</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ebrahimi</surname>
<given-names>Majid</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0480-7704</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fontanella</surname>
<given-names>Alessandro</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-1390</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Muggiasca</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Belloli</surname>
<given-names>Marco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 1, 20156 Milano, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>These authors contributed equally to this work.</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>18</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>43</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Federico Bellini et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-142/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-142/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-142/wes-2026-142.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-142/wes-2026-142.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This work develops and assesses static, closed-loop wind-farm flow-control strategies for load-constrained power optimization in a floating wind farm. Three farm-level strategies are considered: wake steering using turbine-specific nacelle-heading offsets, pitch-based induction control using discrete derating levels, and a hybrid yaw&amp;ndash;induction strategy. A supervisory FLORIS engineering wake model computes the control setpoints by maximizing the predicted farm power. For induction and hybrid control, the power optimization is subject to a farm-level rotor-thrust constraint, which is used as an aerodynamic load-related proxy. The optimized setpoints are applied to a coupled FAST.Farm aero-hydro-servo-elastic model through independent ROSCO turbine controllers and a ZeroMQ communication interface. The resulting farm power, rotor thrust, structural loads, mooring loads, and spectral responses are then evaluated from the FAST.Farm simulations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The investigated farm consists of four IEA 15 MW reference wind turbines mounted on UMaine VolturnUS-S semi-submersible platforms. The strategies are tested under below-rated turbulent wind conditions and compared against greedy operation, in which each turbine independently follows its maximum-power-point control strategy. The FLORIS model is calibrated against FAST.Farm response data using turbine power and thrust lookup tables for the considered derating levels together with wake-model parameter tuning.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The results show that all three strategies increase mean farm power relative to greedy operation, but with distinct power&amp;ndash;load trade-offs. Within the investigated simulation matrix, hybrid control provides FAST.Farm-predicted farm-power gains ranging from 8.7 % to 19 %. Wake steering generally increases yaw-bearing damage-equivalent loads, whereas induction and hybrid control reduce yaw-bearing DELs and, to a lesser extent, blade-root moment DELs for most investigated conditions. Tower-base moment and fairlead-tension responses are less systematic and depend strongly on wind direction and coupled floating-platform&amp;ndash;mooring dynamics. For the representative &lt;em&gt;U&lt;/em&gt; = 9 m s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;em&gt;WD&lt;/em&gt; = -5&amp;deg; condition, spectral analysis shows that the controller-induced changes are concentrated in the rotor-harmonic and structural-frequency ranges and in the low-frequency platform&amp;ndash;mooring region. Overall, the results demonstrate that load-constrained farm-power optimization can provide substantial power gains in floating wind farms, but that an aggregate rotor-thrust constraint alone does not prevent operating-condition-dependent structural and mooring-load penalties.</p>
</abstract>
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