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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-153</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Systematic Design Methodology for Electromagnetic Brakes Applied to Low-Power Wind Turbines Using Analytical Modeling, Numerical Validation, and Experimental Verification</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Enriquez Santiago</surname>
<given-names>Jesús Antonio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1318-6089</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jiménez Velázquez</surname>
<given-names>Alan de Jesús</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Verde Añorve</surname>
<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3807-7452</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Acosta Banda</surname>
<given-names>Adán</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dueñas Reyes</surname>
<given-names>Efraín</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5639-766X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sánchez Albores</surname>
<given-names>Rocío Magdalena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>López López</surname>
<given-names>Andrés</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carreño Aguilera</surname>
<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>División de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad del Istmo, Ciudad Universitaria S/N Barrio Santa Cruz 4a. Sección, Sto.  Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 70760, México</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Energías Renovables, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez 29014, México</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad del Istmo, Ciudad Universitaria S/N Barrio Santa Cruz 4a. Sección, Sto. Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 70760, México</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Instituto de Estudios de la Energía, Universidad del Istmo, Ciudad Universitaria S/N Barrio Santa Cruz 4a. Sección, Sto. Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 70760, México</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, 29140, Chiapas, México</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CIIDETEC), Universidad del Valle de México (UVM), Campus Online, Marina Nacional, Ciudad de México</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Ingeniería en computación, Universidad del Istmo, Ciudad Universitaria S/N Barrio Santa Cruz 4a. Sección, Sto. Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 70760, México</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jesús Antonio Enriquez Santiago et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-153/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-153/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-153/wes-2026-153.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-153/wes-2026-153.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Low-power wind turbines require reliable braking systems to ensure safe operation during emergency conditions, maintenance procedures, and high wind speeds. Among the available alternatives, eddy-current electromagnetic brakes offer an attractive solution because they operate without mechanical contact, thereby reducing component wear and maintenance requirements compared with conventional braking systems. However, existing studies have primarily focused on the analysis of electromagnetic behavior, the optimization of specific configurations, or industrial applications, while relatively few have addressed a comprehensive methodology for the design and experimental validation of electromagnetic braking systems for low-power wind turbines. This study proposes a reproducible design methodology for an eddy-current electromagnetic brake intended for a 1 kW wind turbine. The proposed methodology integrates the definition of design requirements, the development of an analytical model for electromagnetic sizing, three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA), and the experimental validation of a prototype manufactured according to the obtained design parameters. The proposed methodology was assessed through three complementary validation stages: analytical modeling, finite element simulation, and experimental testing using a dedicated test bench. The comparison of the obtained results demonstrated good agreement among the analytical predictions, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements, with a relative difference of 1.18 % between the magnetic flux density predicted by the analytical model and that obtained from the finite element analysis. Furthermore, the developed prototype successfully achieved complete rotor stoppage under the prescribed design conditions, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed braking system. The main contribution of this work lies not only in the development of an electromagnetic braking device but also in the formulation and validation of a systematic design methodology that integrates analytical modeling, numerical validation, and experimental verification into a unified design framework. The proposed methodology provides a reproducible approach for the development of electromagnetic brakes for low-power wind turbines and establishes a foundation for future protection strategies, speed regulation systems, and scaling to higher-power wind energy applications.</p>
</abstract>
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