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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-158</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A data-driven model framework for predicting operational and load responses of the IEA 3.4 MW wind turbine</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tsaklis</surname>
<given-names>Iasonas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4842-6066</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pettas</surname>
<given-names>Vasilis</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9985-9031</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Guilloré</surname>
<given-names>Adrien</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8590-1253</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Conti Gost</surname>
<given-names>Nicolau</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Astrain-Juangarcia</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Anand</surname>
<given-names>Abhinav</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9816-8976</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vad</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shah</surname>
<given-names>Anik H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lizarraga-Saenz</surname>
<given-names>Ion</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aparicio-Sanchez</surname>
<given-names>Maria</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-9830</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Eguinoa</surname>
<given-names>Irene</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4833-7860</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bottasso</surname>
<given-names>Carlo L.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-4389</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dimitrov</surname>
<given-names>Nikolay</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Göçmen</surname>
<given-names>Tuhfe</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2510-0388</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>DTU Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Wind Energy Institute, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Nordex Energy SE &amp; Co. KG, Langenhorner Chaussee 600, 22419 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Wind Energy Department, National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Spain, Ciudad de la Innovación, 7, 31621 Sarriguren (Navarra), Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>now at: Nordex Energy SE Co. KG,</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>44</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Iasonas Tsaklis et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-158/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-158/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-158/wes-2026-158.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-158/wes-2026-158.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This paper presents a transparent and reproducible machine-learning framework for developing surrogate models that predict operational variables and structural loads of the IEA 3.4 MW wind turbine. The framework is based on a comprehensive dataset of aeroelastic simulations generated across multiple operational modes and wind conditions using HAWC2. Several surrogate modeling approaches are investigated, including Artificial Neural Networks, Gaussian Process Regression and Random Forests. The models are trained and evaluated using multiple feature engineering strategies and data scaling approaches to assess their predictive performance and robustness across different response variables. The primary objective of this work is not to identify a single optimal surrogate model, but to provide a transparent, accessible, and reproducible workflow for surrogate model development for optimization-friendly structural loads and operational response estimation. The article documents the complete process of dataset generation, feature engineering, model training, and performance evaluation, enabling consistent comparison of machine-learning approaches and facilitating future methodological developments. By providing both the simulation dataset and the associated surrogate-modeling workflow, this work aims to support the development, benchmarking, and adoption of scientific machine-learning-based surrogate models within the wind energy research community.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="44"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>European Commission</funding-source>
<award-id>101122194</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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