<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="brief-report" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-161</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Brief Communication:&amp;nbsp;Actuator Disk Models reproduce Actuator Line Model power and thrust fluctuation statistics in wind farm simulations</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ayala</surname>
<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9749-3747</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gayme</surname>
<given-names>Dennice F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meneveau</surname>
<given-names>Charles</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-3605</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>05</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Manuel Ayala et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-161/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-161/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-161/wes-2026-161.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-161/wes-2026-161.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Actuator-disk models (ADMs) are widely used in wind-farm simulations, yet their ability to reproduce power and thrust fluctuations relative to actuator-line models (ALMs) has not been validated. Using JHTDB-Wind simulation data, we compare ADM and ALM turbine-response statistics under three atmospheric conditions within a diurnal cycle. ADM power and thrust are reconstructed from disk-averaged velocity and evaluated using time series, power spectra, alongside fluctuation and increment distributions. Results show that ADM captures temporal, spectral, and statistical behavior of the ALM at timescales slower than the rotor frequency. Results support ADM as an efficient tool for predicting turbine-response variability in large wind-farm simulations.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="11"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Science Foundation</funding-source>
<award-id>2401013</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>