<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-183</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>An analytical wake deflection model for wind farms including secondary wake steering</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gaukroger</surname>
<given-names>Nils Joseph</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6614-4201</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Siguenza-Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Diego</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1442-064X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van der Laan</surname>
<given-names>Maarten Paul</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8778-2302</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bastankhah</surname>
<given-names>Majid</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Technical University of Denmark, DTU Wind and Energy Systems, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Centro de Energías Renovables y Alternativas, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Nils Joseph Gaukroger et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-183/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-183/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-183/wes-2026-183.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-183/wes-2026-183.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Wake interactions between turbines are a major source of power loss in wind farms, which yaw-based wake steering seeks to mitigate. Existing steering models commonly superpose single-turbine deficit and deflection models, which can struggle with non-linear phenomena such as secondary wake steering; momentum-conserving models that do capture it rely on iteration or proxies such as effective yaw angles. This paper extends an approximate &quot;conservation of momentum deficit&quot; solution to the lateral direction, giving an analytical, non-iterative model of the cumulative streamwise and lateral velocity deficits in a wind farm of yawed turbines. Distinguishing the streamwise from the lateral wake makes the spatial distribution of lateral momentum induced by yaw misalignment explicit, and wake deflection follows diagnostically by integrating the local skew angle. The framework yields physical insight into secondary wake steering: the wake of an unyawed downstream turbine is deflected not only by the cross-flow of the upstream wakes, but also, for about a third of its deflection, by the turbine&apos;s own streamwise deficit slowing the flow that carries that cross-flow. Against wind-tunnel measurements of single- and multi-turbine configurations, the model reproduces the far-wake deflection and lateral velocity distributions, and is more accurate than established engineering models in most configurations; over the full hub-height velocity field &amp;ndash; which needs no wake centre and remains well defined where wakes merge &amp;ndash; it is the more accurate in every configuration tested. The main discrepancies are confined to the near wake, where the simplified treatment underpredicts the streamwise velocity deficit. Being analytical and non-iterative, the formulation suits wind farm control and optimisation applications that require low-order models.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="40"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Equinor</funding-source>
<award-id>N/A</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>EP/Y024052/1</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>