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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-187</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Rain-time operation, not rainfall alone, sets wind turbine blade rain-erosion exposure: synchronized disdrometer and SCADA measurements</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Yisheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jia</surname>
<given-names>Xinchang</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2058-8461</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Xiaoya</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>Meng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Fang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Yafei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Goldwind Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>These authors contributed equally to this work.</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>16</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Yisheng Liu et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-187/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-187/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-187/wes-2026-187.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-187/wes-2026-187.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Rain erosion of wind-turbine blade leading edges accumulates while the blades turn in rain, yet exposure assessments prescribe a fixed rotor speed and rarely test how fast the turbines actually turn while it rains. We coupled drop-resolved disdrometer rainfall to the operating records of two whole wind farms over their common observation period: one wetter (Guangxi, 513 mm of reconstructed rainfall) and one drier (Jiangsu, 242 mm). Rain-time operation does not merely refine the exposure estimate; it sets its size. The observed tip speed replaces the fixed 90 m s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; reference, the rounded value of the fleet&apos;s observed operating-speed ceiling. Coupling it in lowers the operation-coupled observed-period index (E&lt;sub&gt;SCADA&lt;/sub&gt;) to 18 % of its fixed-speed value in Guangxi and 47 % in Jiangsu, so that reference overstates exposure by factors of 2.1&amp;ndash;5.6. The microphysical input matters far less: replacing the parameterized fall-velocity relation with the measured spectra moves the same index by only 28&amp;ndash;38 %. The operating state can therefore change which site appears worse. Under the common reference speed the wetter farm is roughly twice as exposed (E&lt;sub&gt;90&lt;/sub&gt; 0.140 versus 0.066); with operation coupled in, the two point estimates change order (0.0251 versus 0.0311), although their bootstrap intervals overlap and the ranking is not statistically separated. Exposure is concentrated in time: the 10 % most exposed rain intervals carry 75&amp;ndash;80 % of the total and the five most exposed rain events 78&amp;ndash;90 %. Capping the rain-time tip speed at 80 m s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; removes 42&amp;ndash;58 % of the exposure while touching at most 48 % of rain time, within the model framework and before power-loss or control constraints. Both indices are normalized to a literature reference coating and are screening quantities rather than lifetime predictions, and the threshold relation is extrapolated below its 90&amp;ndash;150 m s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; calibration range. They supply the operational loading term that previous assessments had to assume.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="29"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People&apos;s Republic of China</funding-source>
<award-id>TC240AAKP-152</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Beijing Normal University</funding-source>
<award-id>BNUXKJC2216</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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