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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-19</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Validation of RANS-calibrated engineering models and ANN-based surrogate for wind farm flow simulation and layout optimization</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schøler</surname>
<given-names>Jens Peter</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7927-2639</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Simutis</surname>
<given-names>Ernestas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van der Laan</surname>
<given-names>M. Paul</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8778-2302</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Quick</surname>
<given-names>Julian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-9808</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Réthoré</surname>
<given-names>Pierre-Elouan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-5440</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>DTU Wind and Energy Systems, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>13</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>37</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jens Peter Schøler et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-19/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-19/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-19/wes-2026-19.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-19/wes-2026-19.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Accurate yet efficient wake modeling is essential for wind farm layout optimization (WFLO). Wind turbine wakes are disturbed regions of flow behind a wind turbine, characterized by lower mean wind speeds and higher turbulence, which reduce downstream power production and increase structural loading. This study compares an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based surrogate trained on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) data with two representative engineering wake models based on the TurbOPark and Super-Gaussian formulations. The work includes recalibration of the engineering models, a systematic flow simulation study across varying turbine counts and spacings, and WFLO benchmarks validated against RANS-based Annual Energy Production (AEP). Results show that the ANN surrogate achieves the lowest RMSE and MAPE across all scenarios in flow estimation, albeit at a higher computational cost. In WFLO, the TurbOPark-based model produced the highest RANS-validated AEP layouts, despite having lower predictive accuracy, suggesting that optimization complexity influences outcomes. Blockage modeling increased computational cost without improving accuracy.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="37"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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