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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-34</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The AWAKEN wind farm benchmark, Part 2: Modeling results</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bodini</surname>
<given-names>Nicola</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2550-9853</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Moriarty</surname>
<given-names>Patrick</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7122-5993</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Thedin</surname>
<given-names>Regis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Doubrawa</surname>
<given-names>Paula</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Archer</surname>
<given-names>Cristina</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7837-7575</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Blaylock</surname>
<given-names>Myra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bottasso</surname>
<given-names>Carlo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-4389</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carmo</surname>
<given-names>Bruno</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-7026</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cheung</surname>
<given-names>Lawrence</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-4739</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dubreuil</surname>
<given-names>Camille</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Floors</surname>
<given-names>Rogier</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-4699</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Herges</surname>
<given-names>Thomas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Houck</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kanjari</surname>
<given-names>Ali</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kaul</surname>
<given-names>Colleen M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4462-0987</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kelley</surname>
<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>LI</surname>
<given-names>Ru</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lundquist</surname>
<given-names>Julie K.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5490-2702</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Major</surname>
<given-names>Desirae</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nguyen</surname>
<given-names>Anh Kiet</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Optis</surname>
<given-names>Mike</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Parada</surname>
<given-names>Luan R. C.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0047-6383</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Peña</surname>
<given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7900-9651</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Quick</surname>
<given-names>Julian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-9808</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ricarte</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Radünz</surname>
<given-names>William C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rai</surname>
<given-names>Raj K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Garcia Santiago</surname>
<given-names>Oscar</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7668-1995</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schulte</surname>
<given-names>Jonas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Seim</surname>
<given-names>Knut S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van der Laan</surname>
<given-names>M. Paul</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8778-2302</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vimalakanthan</surname>
<given-names>Kisorthman</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wise</surname>
<given-names>Adam</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7234-6014</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>National Laboratory of the Rockies, Golden, CO, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>WSP USA Inc., Boulder, CO, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, and Livermore, CA, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Equinor, Sandsli, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Meteodyn, Saint-Herblain, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>Veer Renewables, Courtenay, British Columbia, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Fraunhofer IWES, Bremerhaven, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>TNO, EMT Unit, Petter, Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>24</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Nicola Bodini et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-34/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-34/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-34/wes-2026-34.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-34/wes-2026-34.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Accurately modeling wind farm performance in complex atmospheric flows remains a challenge. This paper presents the modeling results of the American WAKE experimeNt (AWAKEN) wind farm benchmark, a collaborative effort involving 16 research groups from academia and industry within the International Energy Agency Wind Technology Collaboration Programme Task 57. The study evaluates a diverse suite of simulation tools, ranging from fast-running engineering wake models to high-fidelity large-eddy simulations, against a diurnal case study observed during the AWAKEN campaign. The benchmark utilized a three-phase structure to progressively assess model performance as observational data availability increased. Initial blind predictions showed that higher-fidelity models did not uniformly outperform simpler simulation tools. A distinct spatial bias was observed where models struggled to resolve the interplay between a low-level jet, wakes, and terrain-induced flow acceleration. In subsequent phases, leveraging additional measurements for model improvement led to a reduction in mean absolute error across the model ensemble; however, this effect was most pronounced in engineering wake models, where targeted calibration reduced error by up to 40 %. Overall, the study demonstrates that inflow characterization remains a primary prerequisite for accuracy, particularly for models relying on coarse forcing datasets. While the limited ability to resolve local terrain-flow interactions under single-day conditions represent a recognized constraint, the overall findings on wake modeling and real-world validation still provide valuable guidance for model application and for mitigating this limitation.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="38"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Wind Energy Technologies Office</funding-source>
<award-id>DE-AC36-08GO28308</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
</back>
</article>