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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-66</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Dynamic Geostrophic Nudging (DGN): A Novel Method for Controlling the Background Flow in Large Eddy Simulation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bui</surname>
<given-names>Hai</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-0325</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bakhoday-Paskyabi</surname>
<given-names>Mostafa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Reuder</surname>
<given-names>Joachim</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0802-4838</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Geophysical Institute and Bergen Offshore Wind Centre, University of Bergen, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>21</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Hai Bui et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-66/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-66/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-66/wes-2026-66.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-66/wes-2026-66.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Initializing idealized Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) for wind energy applications presents a persistent control problem, typically characterized by slow convergence due to inertial oscillations and the difficulty of matching target height wind targets. To address this, we present Dynamic Geostrophic Nudging (DGN), a method that couples physical fidelity with computational efficiency. Unlike standard velocity nudging, DGN acts on the forcing terms: it dynamically adjusts the geostrophic wind components based on the flow tendency and the error between the mean velocity and the target value. This mechanism allows the controller to efficiently steer the mean wind toward the target while actively damping inertial oscillations in the boundary layer. We employ a one-dimensional model to perform a parameter sweep and investigate the sensitivity of the control parameters before applying the method to a full three-dimensional LES. The results demonstrate that DGN reduces the spin-up time from the standard 12&amp;ndash;24 hours to approximately two hours while maintaining the target wind vector with high accuracy. Furthermore, by arresting the unphysical transient growth of the boundary layer, the method allows for the use of vertically optimized domains, representing a significant advancement in the operational efficiency of precursor generation for wind farm simulations.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="21"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Norges Forskningsråd</funding-source>
<award-id>332034</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
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</article>