<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-78</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>OC7 Project Phase II: Comparison of Global-to-Local Load Transfer Approaches in Floating Structures</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Karch</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Borisade</surname>
<given-names>Friedemann</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wendt</surname>
<given-names>Fabian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pinguet</surname>
<given-names>Romain</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Do</surname>
<given-names>Thang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>de Lauzon</surname>
<given-names>Jérôme</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tessier</surname>
<given-names>Lucas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cerrada-Garcés</surname>
<given-names>Jon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Olcoz-Alonso</surname>
<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8016-7171</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Artal</surname>
<given-names>Jesús</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Servan-Camas</surname>
<given-names>Borja</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>García-Espinosa</surname>
<given-names>Julio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>Cai Wei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yoshimoto</surname>
<given-names>Haruki</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nagumo</surname>
<given-names>Takaya</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tsuneto</surname>
<given-names>Go</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bergua</surname>
<given-names>Roger</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Lu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6739-8998</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jonkman</surname>
<given-names>Jason</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-7362</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Robertson</surname>
<given-names>Amy</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-4632</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Clement</surname>
<given-names>Constance</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Potier</surname>
<given-names>Guillaume</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Ramboll, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Akselos S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Bureau Veritas Marine &amp; Offshore, Paris, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables, Sarriguren (Navarra), Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>DNV, Shanghai, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Japan Marine United Corporation, Yokohama, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>NIHON SHIPYARD CO., LTD., Yokohama, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>National Wind Technology Center, National Laboratory of the Rockies, Golden, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Floating Offshore Group, PRINCIPIA, La Ciotat, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>05</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Michael Karch et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-78/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-78/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-78/wes-2026-78.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-78/wes-2026-78.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Global-to-local load transfer remains a critical &amp;ndash; yet largely unstandardized &amp;ndash; step in the structural assessment of floating structures. This paper presents the results of package WP2.2 from the OC7 project Phase II, establishing a cross-industry benchmark for the workflows connecting global performance analysis (based on integrated loads analysis, ILA) and the local structural assessment (based on finite-element analysis, FEA). The study evaluates a spectrum of industry practices, including sequential approaches with the FEA following the ILA, fully integrated time-domain approaches with hydro-structural coupling, and simplified ILA-only approaches. Using the VolturnUS-S reference semi-submersible, the models were first harmonized through mass/inertia, static, and modal verifications. Structural responses were then compared across three primary scenarios: topside-only excitation, irregular waves, and combined wind/wave loading. The results establish a structured comparison framework, highlighting how specific modelling choices and load transfer techniques directly influence confidence in design processes. The findings offer practical guidance to reduce uncertainty in &quot;global-to-local&quot; design workflows.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="24"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>U.S. Department of Energy</funding-source>
<award-id>DE-AC36-08GO28308</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>