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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">WESD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Wind Energy Science Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">WESD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2366-7621</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/wes-2026-81</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>AI enhanced fault indicators vs. classical bearing monitoring &amp;ndash; example results of bearing tests and transferability to wind turbines</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stammler</surname>
<given-names>Matthias</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-1344</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jamil</surname>
<given-names>Faras</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4662-2879</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Xinrun</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0236-8217</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Matthys</surname>
<given-names>Jens Jo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4976-6301</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sudhakaran</surname>
<given-names>Nikhil</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4202-844X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Peeters</surname>
<given-names>Cédric</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Abrahamsen</surname>
<given-names>Asger Bech</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1556-3565</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Helsen</surname>
<given-names>Jan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>OWI-Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems, Large Bearing Laboratory, Am Schleusengraben 22, 21029 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>FlandersMake@VUB, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>08</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Matthias Stammler et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-81/">This article is available from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-81/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-81/wes-2026-81.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-81/wes-2026-81.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Condition monitoring of drive trains is indispensable in the operation of wind turbines. Early knowledge of faults allows for maintenance planning and in-situ counter-measures and thus reduces operational costs. Current commercial methods include significant human supervision and interpretation of measurement data. Larger fleets of assets raise the need for enhanced methods that require reduced supervision and less manual interaction. The present work verifies two ways of using artificial intelligence that fulfill this requirement. These are normal-behaviour models and high-level indicators. The verification includes test data analysis of small-scale bearing tests of &amp;Oslash;100 mm thrust bearings and considerations of transfer to wind turbines. In bearing tests, enhanced monitoring gives comparable or significantly earlier warnings than classical monitoring. In three of five performed tests, the warning thresholds were passed at comparable times, in two, the warnings were significantly earlier and clearer with the enhanced monitoring. As classical monitoring benefits most from the simplified test environment, it is reasonable to assume an even more pronounced advantage for enhanced monitoring in more complex machines like wind turbines.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="27"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek</funding-source>
<award-id>1S63123N</award-id>
<award-id>V405425N</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Energiteknologisk udviklings- og demonstrationsprogram</funding-source>
<award-id>640241-521726</award-id>
<award-id>640242-534569</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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