Identification of Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards within Mid-Atlantic Bight For The Purpose of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Recommendations

Abstract. The development of offshore wind energy in the Mid-Atlantic Bight is significantly influenced by the complex interplay of seabed topography, sediment characteristics, and human-made hazards. Utilizing seismic profiles and existing geological studies, this paper investigates the unique geological features and sediment types present in the region. These features include paleochannels, sand ridges, and varying sediment compositions, all of which have critical implications for the siting and emplacement of wind turbine foundations. The documented sediment types range from fine clays to coarser sands. Specific attention is given to glauconite sands in this research due to the unique challenges of their thixotropic behavior and potential to compromise pile capacity during installation.

In addition to natural geological factors, human-made hazards—including unexploded ordnances (UXOs), shipwrecks, and artificial reefs, are barriers to offshore wind development. The presence of these hazards necessitates careful planning and may limit available space for turbine placement. Our findings emphasize the need for enhanced geotechnical assessments and innovative foundation solutions tailored to the unique characteristics of the seabed. Regulatory frameworks that adapt to evolving understandings of seabed conditions and hazard mitigation strategies are needed to ensure the safe and efficient installation of offshore wind turbines. Ultimately, a comprehensive understanding of both natural and human-made hazards is crucial for the successful development of offshore wind projects in the Mid-Atlantic Bight to balance the economic and energy benefits against the complexities of the marine environment.