the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 10 Mar 2025
PLL-Reinforced Damping for Interoperability Enhancement of Independently Designed Grid-Forming Wind Turbines in Weak Grids
Abstract. Interoperability of grid-forming (GFM) converters is crucial for the stability and efficiency of modern power systems, particularly when two independently designed GFM converters with different control architectures are connected to a common weak AC network. In this context, the interoperability of such GFM-based generation sources is examined in this paper in terms of power and frequency oscillations during both steady-state and transient cases. Based on this analysis, a novel method of oscillation mitigation via frequency-power reference (ω − P*) droop-based feedback control in the power control loops is proposed. This method significantly improves the interoperability of grid-connected GFM converters during both steady-state and fault conditions. Furthermore, due to the generality of the control structures, the proposed method benefits different applications irrespective of the generation sources, such as offshore wind power plants (OF WPPs), GFM-HVDC converters, and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Additionally, the proposed method could reinforce standard power controller designs, such as virtual synchronous machines (VSM) or PI-controller-based power control loops.
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Status: open (until 08 May 2025)
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RC1: 'Comment on wes-2025-18', Anonymous Referee #1, 01 Apr 2025
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This work proposes two methods of oscillation mitigation via frequency-power reference feedback control in the power control loops.
Some questions and recommendations:
1. The abstract is short and not clear for easy understanding.
2. I recommend to expand the literature review in Introduction. The authors are encouraged to avoid self-citation (unless extremely necessary).
3. Could you please explain what do you mean by "solution of a general nature" on lines 23-24?
4. The authors are encouraged to revise the verb conjugation throughout the text. E.g., line 95, "$V_{c1,2}$ represent"
5. Are $\DeltaP$ and $\Deltaf$ symbols for oscillations or deviations? For example, this quantities can be constant and nonzero in steady-state? If yes, I recommend change the terminology to power and frequency deviations (or similar word). If not, I recommend changing the symbols of $\DeltaP$ and $\Deltaf$, since $\Delta$ is commonly associated with deviation (or error), not oscillations.
6. The Section 3. Proposed Solution - I: Additional Damping uses around 60% of the paper length, but it lacks stability for non-rated frequency scenarios. The scenario of rated-frequency operation in power grids is idealistic. Therefore less emphasis should be put in this section (unless the authors can find a way to stabilize the control without PLL).
7. I recommend to move Section 4 to Section 3 as a subsection.
8. The Section 5. Proposed Solution - II: PLL-Reinforced Damping proposes an improvement in the method presented in Section 3 to enable operation during steady-state changes in grid frequency. This solution should be emphasized since, among the proposed methods, it is the only stable solution for non-rated grid frequency scenarios. To put in perspective, the authors use around only 12% of the page length in Section 5. I recommend the authors to carry out a stability analysis of this solution, including an stability analysis of the PLL considering weak-grid scenarios.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-18-RC1
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