| 12 Oct 2026
Machine learning-based prediction of critical load events in airborne wind energy systems
Abstract. Predicting and avoiding critical load events is crucial for the reliable autonomous operation of airborne wind energy (AWE) systems. Such events can lead to actuator saturation, loss of steering authority, and increased structural stresses, eventually resulting in long-term degradation of the kite, tether, and ground-station components. The present study explores a data-driven approach to predicting tether force peaks, defined as instances in which the force exceeds a threshold set by the winch controller. The method is developed using a large-scale SCADA dataset from Kitepower's leading-edge inflatable V9 kite, including more than 1000 pumping cycles spanning 26 h of kite operation and covering a wide range of wind and operating conditions. Tether force peaks are detected and used to extract pre-peak time windows that capture the system behavior before each threshold exceedance. From these windows, statistical, temporal, and spectral features are computed from multiple kite, tether, and ground-station measurements. A supervised classification model is trained to distinguish normal operation from pre-peak dynamics. The proposed approach predicts critical load events 1 s in advance and shows strong generalization capability on flight data that was not used for training the model, correctly identifying 85.4 % of the critical load events (recall) and achieving a 90.9 % F1-score, a metric that indicates a strong balance between correctly detected events and false alarms. Moreover, the extracted features provide valuable insight into the system dynamics preceding these events. The obtained results enable preventive control actions, thereby improving the reliability of AWE systems.
Competing interests: At least one of the (co-)authors is a member of the editorial board of Wind Energy Science.
Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. While Copernicus Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors. Views expressed in the text are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
Could the authors explain how the main system parameters and prediction performance would change if a ram-air kite were used instead of the leading-edge inflatable kite considered in this study?
The authors state that a 1-second prediction horizon is sufficient for preventive control actions. However, the delays associated with sensing, computation, communication, and actuator response are not evaluated. Please provide evidence to support this claim.
Please check the tether-force units in Figure 6, as they appear to be incorrect.
The computational cost of the proposed method is not discussed. Please provide execution-time measurements and a computational complexity analysis to demonstrate real-time feasibility.
Could the authors clarify whether the proposed method can be implemented onboard the kite during flight or is intended to run at the ground station? Please discuss the hardware requirements, sensor availability, and communication delays.