Bagaber, B. and Mertens, A.: Energy Storage Systems for Airborne Wind Generators, in: 2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'22 ECCE Europe), 5–9 September 2022, Hanover, Germany, IEEE, 1–11, electronic ISBN: 978-9-0758-1539-9, ISBN: 978-1-6654-8700-9, 2022. a
Coleman, J., Ahmad, H., Pican, E., and Toal, D.: Modelling of a synchronous offshore pumping mode airborne wind energy farm, Energy, 71, 569–578, 2014. a
Ebrahimi Salari, M., Coleman, J., and Toal, D.: Airborne wind energy – A review, in: 3rd International Congress on Energy Efficiency and Energy Related Materials (ENEFM2015) Proceedings, Oludeniz, Turkey, 19–23 October 2015, Springer, 81–92,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45677-5_10, 2016.
a
Ebrahimi Salari, M., Coleman, J., and Toal, D.: Power Control of Direct Interconnection Technique for Airborne Wind Energy Systems, Energies, 11, 3134,
https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113134, 2018.
a
Eijkelhof, D., Rossi, N., and Schmehl, R.: Optimal Flight Pattern Debate for Airborne Wind Energy Systems: Circular or Figure-of-eight?, Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss. [preprint],
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-139, in review, 2024.
a
Fagiano, L., Zgraggen, A. U., Morari, M., and Khammash, M.: Automatic Crosswind Flight of Tethered Wings for Airborne Wind Energy: Modeling, Control Design, and Experimental Results, IEEE T. Contr. Syst. T., 22, 1433–1447,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2013.2279592, 2014.
a
Fagiano, L., Nguyen-Van, E., Rager, F., Schnez, S., and Ohler, C.: Autonomous Takeoff and Flight of a Tethered Aircraft for Airborne Wind Energy, IEEE T. Contr. Syst. T., 26, 151–166,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2017.2661825, 2018.
a
Fagiano, L., Quack, M., Bauer, F., Carnel, L., and Oland, E.: Autonomous airborne wind energy systems: accomplishments and challenges, Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, 5, 603–631, 2022. a
Freeman, J., Roberts, O., Fiffick, J., Baring-Gould, E., Musial, W., and Duffy, M.: Airborne Wind Energy, Tech. Rep. NREL/TP-5000-79992, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), NREL/TP-5000-79992,
https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/79992.pdf (last access: 10 January 2025), 2021. a
Hagen, L. v., Petrick, K., Wilhelm, S., and Schmehl, R.: Life-Cycle Assessment of a Multi-Megawatt Airborne Wind Energy System, Energies, 16, 1750,
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041750, 2023.
a
Hosseinzadeh, M. A., Sarbanzadeh, M., Sarebanzadeh, E., Rivera, M., and Muñoz, J.: Predictive Control in Power Converter Applications: Challenge and Trends, in: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Automation/XXIII Congress of the Chilean Association of Automatic Control (ICA-ACCA), Concepcion, Chile, 17–19 October 2018, IEEE, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICA-ACCA.2018.8609704, 2018.
a
Joshi, R., Von Terzi, D., Kruijff, M., and Schmehl, R.: Techno-economic analysis of power smoothing solutions for pumping airborne wind energy systems, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2265, 042069,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042069, 2022a.
a
Joshi, R., Von Terzi, D., Kruijff, M., and Schmehl, R.: Techno-economic analysis of power smoothing solutions for pumping airborne wind energy systems, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2265, 042069,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042069, 2022b.
a
Kitepower: Kitepower - Airborne Wind Energy,
https://thekitepower.com/ (last access: 23 October 2023), 2023. a
Kitepower: The Hawk,
https://thekitepower.com/the-hawk/#:~:text=Converts%20the%20mechanical%20energy%20of,the%20generator%20as%20a%20motor (last access: 24 July 2025), 2024. a
Kumar, P., Kashyap, Y., Castelino, R. V., Karthikeyan, A., Sharma K., M., Karmakar, D., and Kosmopoulos, P.: Laboratory-Scale Airborne Wind Energy Conversion Emulator Using OPAL-RT Real-Time Simulator, Energies, 16, 6804,
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196804, 2023.
a,
b
Magdy Gamal Eldeeb, H.: Modelling, Control and Post-Fault Operation of Dual Three-phase Drives for Airborne Wind Energy, PhD thesis, Technische Universität München,
https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1464393/1464393.pdf (last access: 15 March 2025), 2019. a
Pavković, D., Hoić, M., Deur, J., and Petrić, J.: Energy storage systems sizing study for a high-altitude wind energy application, Energy, 76, 91–103, 2014. a
Pavković, D., Cipek, M., Hrgetić, M., and Sedić, A.: Modeling, parameterization and damping optimum-based control system design for an airborne wind energy ground station power plant, Energ. Convers. Manage., 164, 262–276, 2018.
a,
b
Rapp, S., Schmehl, R., Oland, E., and Haas, T.: Cascaded Pumping Cycle Control for Rigid Wing Airborne Wind Energy Systems, J. Guid. Control Dynam., 42, 1–18,
https://doi.org/10.2514/1.G004246, 2019.
a
Rodriguez, J., Pontt, J., Silva, C., Correa, P., Lezana Illesca, P., Cortes, P., and Ammann, U.: Predictive Current Control of a Voltage Source Inverter, IEEE T. Ind. Electron., 54, 495–503,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2006.888802, 2007.
a
Rodriguez, J., Garcia, C., Mora, A., Davari, S. A., Rodas, J., Valencia, D. F., Elmorshedy, M., Wang, F., Zuo, K., Tarisciotti, L., Flores-Bahamonde, F., Xu, W., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Norambuena, M., Emadi, A., Geyer, T., Kennel, R., Dragicevic, T., Khaburi, D. A., Zhang, Z., Abdelrahem, M., and Mijatovic, N.: Latest Advances of Model Predictive Control in Electrical Drives – Part II: Applications and Benchmarking With Classical Control Methods, IEEE T. Power Electr., 37, 5047–5061,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2021.3121589, 2022.
a
Saberi, S. and Rezaie, B.: Robust adaptive direct speed control of PMSG-based airborne wind energy system using FCS-MPC method, ISA T., 131, 43–60, 2022. a
Salari, M. E., Coleman, J., and Toal, D.: Analysis of direct interconnection technique for offshore airborne wind energy systems under normal and fault conditions, Renew. Energ., 131, 284–296, 2019. a
Schelbergen, M., Schmehl, R., Buchholz, B., Breuer, J., and Peschel, J.: Kite power flight data acquired on 8 October 2019, Version 1, 4TU.ResearchData [data set],
https://doi.org/10.4121/19376174.v1, 2024.
a,
b
Schmehl, R., Noom, M., and van der Vlugt, R.: Traction Power Generation with Tethered Wings, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg,23–45,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39965-7_2, ISBN 978-3-642-39965-7, 2013.
a
Schmidt, E., De Lellis Costa de Oliveira, M., Saraiva da Silva, R., Fagiano, L., and Trofino Neto, A.: In-Flight Estimation of the Aerodynamics of Tethered Wings for Airborne Wind Energy, IEEE T. Contr. Syst. T., 28, 1309–1322,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2019.2907663, 2020.
a
SkySails Power: Wind power: Unleashing its true potential,
https://skysails-power.com/ (last access: 23 October 2023), 2023. a
SkySails Power GmbH: How Power Kites Work,
https://skysails-power.com/how-power-kites-work/#:~:text=5 Ground station and grid,connection module (last access: 24 July 2025), 2024. a
Stuyts, J., Horn, G., Vandermeulen, W., Driesen, J., and Diehl, M.: Effect of the Electrical Energy Conversion on Optimal Cycles for Pumping Airborne Wind Energy, IEEE T. Sustain. Energ., 6, 2–10, 2015. a
Uppal, A. A., Fernandes, M. C., Vinha, S., and Fontes, F. A.: Cascade Control of the Ground Station Module of an Airborne Wind Energy System, Energies, 14, 8337,
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248337, 2021.
a,
b,
c
Urbanek, S., Heide, D., Bagaber, B., Lohss, M., Specht, B., Paulig, X., Mertens, A., and Ponick, B.: Analysis of External Rotor Electric Drives for an All-Automatic Airborne Wind Energy System, in: 2019 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), IEEE, 1599–1606,
https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC.2019.8785132, 2019.
a
Wang, F., Zhang, Z., Mei, X., Rodríguez, J., and Kennel, R.: Advanced control strategies of induction machine: Field oriented control, direct torque control and model predictive control, Energies, 11, 120,
https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010120, 2018.
a
Wood, T. A., Hesse, H., and Smith, R. S.: Predictive Control of Autonomous Kites in Tow Test Experiments, IEEE Control Systems Letters, 1, 110–115,
https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2017.2708984, 2017.
a
Yaramasu, V. and Wu, B.: Model predictive control of wind energy conversion systems, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 978-1-118-98858-9, 2016. a
Zgraggen, A. U., Fagiano, L., and Morari, M.: Automatic Retraction and Full-Cycle Operation for a Class of Airborne Wind Energy Generators, IEEE T. Contr. Syst. T., 24, 594–608,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2015.2452230, 2016.
a
Zhang, Y., Xia, B., Yang, H., and Rodriguez, J.: Overview of model predictive control for induction motor drives, Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2, 62–76, 2016. a
