Basteck, D. A. and Voith Turbo Wind GmbH & Co. KG: Elektromechanischer Hochleistungsantrieb für Windenergieanlagen der Multi-Megawatt-Klasse, Abschlussbericht des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit der Bundesrepublik Deutschland,
https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01fb08/58525236X.pdf (last access: 11 May 2026), 2008.
a,
b
Chen, W., Lin, Y., Li, W., Liu, H., Tu, L., and Meng, H.: Study on speed and torque control of a novel hydromechanical hybrid transmission system in wind turbine, IET Renewable Power Generation, 13, 1554–1564,
https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.6105, 2019.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Chen, W., Wang, X., Zhang, F., Liu, H., and Lin, Y.: Review of the application of hydraulic technology in wind turbine, Wind Energy, 23, 1495–1522,
https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2506, 2020.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Dziuba, P. F. and Honzek, R.: New Continuous Variable Power-Split Tractor Transmission, 19–27, University of Hohenheim,
https://hohpublica.uni-hohenheim.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/37982faa-4a8a-4f1c-b8e1-069debb51554/content (last access: 11 May 2026), 1997. a
Fernández-Bustamante, P., Barambones, O., Calvo, I., Napole, C., and Derbeli, M.: Provision of Frequency Response from Wind Farms: A Review, Energies, 14, 6689,
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206689, 2021.
a
Hansen, M. H. and Henriksen, L. C.: Basic DTU Wind Energy controller, Report, DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark,
https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/56263924/DTU_Wind_Energy_E_0028.pdf (last access: 11 May 2026), 2013. a
Hau, E. and Siegfriedsen, S.: Wind Turbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 4th edn., ISBN 978-3-031-87795-7, 2025.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e
Ibrahim, M. E., Shaltout, M. L., and Kassem, S. A.: Extremum-seeking control for energy-harvesting enhancement of wind turbines with hydromechanical drivetrains, Wind Energy, 23, 2113–2135,
https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2548, 2020.
a,
b
Jain, A., Sakamuri, J. N., and Cutululis, N. A.: Grid-forming control strategies for black start by offshore wind power plants, Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1297–1313,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1297-2020, 2020.
a
Jocanović, M., Šević, D., Karanović, V., Beker, I., and Dudić, S.: Increased Efficiency of Hydraulic Systems Through Reliability Theory and Monitoring of System Operating Parameters, Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 58, 281–288,
https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2011.084, 2012.
a
Lin, Y., Tu, L., Liu, H., and Li, W.: Hybrid Power Transmission Technology in a Wind Turbine Generation System, IEEE/ASME T. Mech., 20, 1218–1225,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2014.2328629, 2015.
a
Liu, K., Chen, W., Chen, G., Dai, D., Ai, C., Zhang, X., and Wang, X.: Application and analysis of hydraulic wind power generation technology, Energy Strateg. Rev., 48, 101117,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101117, 2023.
a
Liu, Q., Appunn, R., and Hameyer, K.: A Study of a Novel Wind Turbine Concept with Power Split Gearbox, Journal of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, 2,
https://doi.org/10.11142/jicems.2013.2.4.478, 2013.
a
Liu, Q., Appunn, R., and Hameyer, K.: Wind Turbine With Mechanical Power Split Transmission to Reduce the Power Electronic Devices: An Experimental Validation, IEEE T. Ind. Electron., 64, 8811–8820,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2016.2622666, 2017.
a
Matthies, H. J. and Renius, K.-T.: Einführung in die Ölhydraulik: für Studium und Praxis: 110 Kurzaufgaben mit Lösungshinweisen, Springer eBook Collection, Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden, 9th edn., ISBN 978-3-658-35672-9, 978-3-658-35673-6,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35673-6, 2021.
a
MHI Vestas Offshore Wind A/S: Allgemeine Beschreibung MV0W 9-MW-Plattform,
https://www.uvp-verbund.de/documents-ige-ng/igc_mv/D4CA77FD-E592-4C94-BFC8-FC82F537DC5B/01. General Description_9 MW_Platform.pdf, last access: 17 December 2025. a
Müller, H. W.: Die Umlaufgetriebe: Auslegung und vielseitige Anwendungen, vol. 28 of Konstruktionsbücher, Springer Berlin Heidelberg and Imprint and Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2nd edn., ISBN 978-3a-642-63698-1, 1998.
a,
b,
c
Pelka, K. and Fischer, K.: Field-data-based reliability analysis of power converters in wind turbines: Assessing the effect of explanatory variables, Wind Energy, 26, 310–324,
https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2800, 2023.
a
Rampen, W.: Gearless Transmissions for Large Wind Turbines: The history and Future of Hydraulic Drives., in: DEWEK 2006, the international technical conference: 8th German Wind Energy Conference, 22 to 23 November 2006, Bremen, Deutsches Windenergie-Institut,
https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/gearless-transmissions-for-large-wind-turbines-the-history-and-fu (last access: 11 May 2026), 2007. a
Rossi, C., Corbelli, P., and Grandi, G.: Electric Driven Continuously Variable Transmission for Wind Energy Conversion System, University of Bologna, 5, 2010.
a,
b
Rybak, S. C.: Description of the 3 MW SWT-3 wind turbine at San Gorgonio Pass, California,
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19830010987, Bendix Corp., NTRS Document ID: 19830010987, Legacy CDMS (CDMS), 1982. a
Schmitz, J. B.: Konzipierung und Vermessung hydrostatischer Windkraftgetriebe, no. 80 in Reihe Fluidtechnik D, Shaker, Aachen, ISBN 978-3-8440-3654-1, 2015.
a,
b,
c,
d
Song, Z., Weidinger, P., Zweiffel, M., Dubowik, A., Mester, C., Yogal, N., and Oliveira, R. S.: Traceable efficiency determination of a 2.75 MW nacelle on a test bench, Forschung im Ingenieurwesen, 87, 259–273,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-023-00650-1, 2023.
a
Taherian-Fard, E., Sahebi, R., Niknam, T., Izadian, A., and Shasadeghi, M.: Wind Turbine Drivetrain Technologies, IEEE T. Ind. Appl., 56, 1729–1741,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2020.2966169, 2020.
a
Thomsen, K. E., Dahlhaug, O. G., Niss, M. O. K., and Haugset, S. K.: Technological Advances in Hydraulic Drive Trains for Wind Turbines, Energ. Proced., 24, 76–82,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.06.089, 2012.
a
Walgern, J., Fischer, K., Hentschel, P., and Kolios, A.: Reliability of electrical and hydraulic pitch systems in wind turbines based on field-data analysis, Energy Reports, 9, 3273–3281,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.02.007, 2023.
a
Watter, H.: Hydraulik und Pneumatik: Grundlagen und Übungen - Anwendungen und Simulation, Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden, ISBN 978-3-658-35865-5, 978-3-658-35866-2,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35866-2, 2022.
a
Will, D., Gebhardt, N., and Ströhl, H., eds.: Hydraulik: Grundlagen, Komponenten, Schaltungen, SpringerLink Bücher, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 3rd edn., ISBN 978-3-540-34322-6 978-3-540-34326-4,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34326-4, 2007.
a
World Wind Energy Association: WWEA Annual Report 2023, Annual report, World Wind Energy Association, Bonn,
https://wwindea.org/ss-uploads/media/2024/3/1711538106-40ab83f2-3e01-4c0a-9d28-e0a21bff72e6.pdf (last access: 11 May 2026), 2024. a
Yu, J., Cao, Z., Cheng, M., and Pan, R.: Hydro-mechanical power split transmissions: Progress evolution and future trends, P. I. Mech. Eng. D-J. Aut., 233, 727–739,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407017749734, 2019.
a
Zhang, H., Weidinger, P., Mester, C., Song, Z., Heller, M., Dubowik, A., Tegtmeier, B., and Eustorgi, K.: State-of-the-art efficiency determination of a wind turbine drivetrain on a nacelle test bench, Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1625–1636,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1625-2025, 2025.
a
