Wind Energy Science
Wind Energy Science
WES
Articles | Volume 11, issue 9
Articles | Volume 11, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-3213-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-3213-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 11, issue 9
Research article
 | 
04 Sep 2026
Research article |  | 04 Sep 2026

Modelling of wind flows over realistic forests with LES

Hugo Olivares-Espinosa and Johan Arnqvist

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Latest update: 04 Sep 2026
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Short summary
This work presents an investigation into varying modelling choices for large-eddy simulation over realistic forests. The focus is on how to represent the impact of upstream forest cover on wind statistics. The work clearly demonstrates the advantage of using an explicit drag formulation together with forest density maps from airborne laser scans over using roughness length and displacement height, mainly because it leverages observable quantities and minimizes the impact uncertain choices.
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