Articles | Volume 7, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-505-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-505-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Input torque measurements for wind turbine gearboxes using fiber-optic strain sensors
Unai Gutierrez Santiago
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
3mE, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, the Netherlands
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48170 Zamudio, Spain
Alfredo Fernández Sisón
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48170 Zamudio, Spain
Henk Polinder
3mE, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, the Netherlands
Jan-Willem van Wingerden
3mE, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, the Netherlands
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Cited
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- From Strain to Loads: Development of a Measurement Solution for Wind Turbine Transmission Input Loads during Drivetrain Testing E. Bilen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041824
- Digital Twin Approaches for Gear NVH Optimization: A Literature Review of Modeling, Data Integration, and Validation Gaps K. Horvath & A. Zelei https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13121141
- Experimental validation of a high torque density flange connection D. Kleef et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-025-00781-7
- Instantaneous mesh load factor (Kγ ) measurements in a wind turbine gearbox using fiber-optic strain sensors U. Gutierrez-Santiago et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/4/042022
- Reduction of crosstalk effects in multicomponent force and moment transducers for wind turbine test benches via geometrical design optimisation L. Schmitz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3025/1/012010
- Field validation of dynamic mechanical torque measurements using fiber-optic strain sensors for geared wind turbines U. Gutierrez-Santiago et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-025-00793-3
- Direct measurement of input loads for the wind turbine drivetrain under test on a nacelle test bench H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-023-00628-z
- Identification of operational deflection shapes of a wind turbine gearbox using fiber-optic strain sensors on a serial production end-of-line test bench U. Gutierrez Santiago et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-207-2025
- D-optimal strain sensor placement for mechanical load estimation in the presence of nuisance loads and thermal strain X. Iriarte et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2024.116110
- Experimental Validation of Virtual Torque Sensing for Wind Turbine Gearboxes Based on Strain Measurements J. Bosmans et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2955
- Identifying Subsynchronous Oscillation Sources at Component Level of DFIGs Using Subsynchronous Modal Energy X. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2024.3520643
- 基于光纤光栅的旋转扭矩传感器的设计 张. Zhang Tianmin et al. https://doi.org/10.3788/LOP242479
- Judgment-based dynamic fragility assessment of gearboxes to extreme weather events: preliminary findings H. Baskaran et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/6/062056
- Estimation of Uncertainty for the Torque Transducer in MNm Range—Classical Approach and Fuzzy Sets J. Fidelus et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166064
- Wind turbine gearbox operation monitoring using high-resolution distributed fiber-optic sensing L. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1763-2025
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- From Strain to Loads: Development of a Measurement Solution for Wind Turbine Transmission Input Loads during Drivetrain Testing E. Bilen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041824
- Digital Twin Approaches for Gear NVH Optimization: A Literature Review of Modeling, Data Integration, and Validation Gaps K. Horvath & A. Zelei https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13121141
- Experimental validation of a high torque density flange connection D. Kleef et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-025-00781-7
- Instantaneous mesh load factor (Kγ ) measurements in a wind turbine gearbox using fiber-optic strain sensors U. Gutierrez-Santiago et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/4/042022
- Reduction of crosstalk effects in multicomponent force and moment transducers for wind turbine test benches via geometrical design optimisation L. Schmitz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3025/1/012010
- Field validation of dynamic mechanical torque measurements using fiber-optic strain sensors for geared wind turbines U. Gutierrez-Santiago et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-025-00793-3
- Direct measurement of input loads for the wind turbine drivetrain under test on a nacelle test bench H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10010-023-00628-z
- Identification of operational deflection shapes of a wind turbine gearbox using fiber-optic strain sensors on a serial production end-of-line test bench U. Gutierrez Santiago et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-207-2025
- D-optimal strain sensor placement for mechanical load estimation in the presence of nuisance loads and thermal strain X. Iriarte et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2024.116110
- Experimental Validation of Virtual Torque Sensing for Wind Turbine Gearboxes Based on Strain Measurements J. Bosmans et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2955
- Identifying Subsynchronous Oscillation Sources at Component Level of DFIGs Using Subsynchronous Modal Energy X. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2024.3520643
- 基于光纤光栅的旋转扭矩传感器的设计 张. Zhang Tianmin et al. https://doi.org/10.3788/LOP242479
- Judgment-based dynamic fragility assessment of gearboxes to extreme weather events: preliminary findings H. Baskaran et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/6/062056
- Estimation of Uncertainty for the Torque Transducer in MNm Range—Classical Approach and Fuzzy Sets J. Fidelus et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166064
- Wind turbine gearbox operation monitoring using high-resolution distributed fiber-optic sensing L. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1763-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 10 Sep 2026
Short summary
The gearbox is one of the main contributors to the overall cost of wind energy, and it is acknowledged that we still do not fully understand its loading. The study presented in this paper develops a new alternative method to measure input rotor torque in wind turbine gearboxes, overcoming the drawbacks related to measuring on a rotating shaft. The method presented in this paper could make measuring gearbox torque more cost-effective, which would facilitate its adoption in serial wind turbines.
The gearbox is one of the main contributors to the overall cost of wind energy, and it is...
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