Articles | Volume 8, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-787-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-787-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 May 2023
Research article |
| 22 May 2023
| 22 May 2023
Investigating energy production and wake losses of multi-gigawatt offshore wind farms with atmospheric large-eddy simulation
Peter Baas
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Whiffle, Molengraaffsingel 8, 2629 JD Delft, the Netherlands
Remco Verzijlbergh
Whiffle, Molengraaffsingel 8, 2629 JD Delft, the Netherlands
Department of Engineering Systems and Services, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, the Netherlands
Pim van Dorp
Whiffle, Molengraaffsingel 8, 2629 JD Delft, the Netherlands
Harm Jonker
Whiffle, Molengraaffsingel 8, 2629 JD Delft, the Netherlands
Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Implementation of high step-up power converter for fuel cell application with hybrid MPPT controller V. Prashanth et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53763-0
- Long-Distance Wind Farm Wake Modelling Using Convolutional Neural Networks F. Weilmann Rasmussen & P. Réthoré https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012019
- Techno-economic analysis for floating offshore wind and offshore green hydrogen D. Pegler et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.172
- An improved wind farm parametrization for inhomogeneous inflow M. Van Der Laan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092010
- Wind-farm wake recovery mechanisms in conventionally neutral boundary layers L. Lanzilao & J. Meyers https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2025.10320
- Turbine- and farm-scale power losses in wind farms: an alternative to wake and farm blockage losses A. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-435-2025
- Estimating long-term annual energy production from shorter-time-series data: methods and verification with a 10-year large-eddy simulation of a large offshore wind farm B. Postema et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1471-2025
- Developing an atlas of rain-induced leading edge erosion for wind turbine blades in the Dutch North Sea M. Caboni & G. van Dalum https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1887-2025
- Bridging Scales: Explicit Forest Representation and Full-Physics LES for Improved Wind Resource Modelling J. Sturm et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3232/1/012010
- Investigating the impact of coupling HARMONIE-WINS50 (cy43) meteorology to LOTOS-EUROS (v2.2.002) on a simulation of NO2 concentrations over the Netherlands A. Yarce Botero et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3765-2024
- Balancing cost-efficiency and sustainability in offshore hybrid renewable energy systems: A case study of Palau River M. Terkes et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2025.06.053
- Trends in Sizing for a Hydrogen Storage System for a 1 GW Offshore Wind Farm M. Berthelin et al. https://doi.org/10.1155/er/1182085
- Progress in the modelling and management of offshore wind farm wakes: A literature review T. Sant https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124544
- Numerical modelling of offshore wind-farm cluster wakes P. Ouro et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115526
- Benefits and Challenges of California Offshore Wind Electricity: An Updated Assessment A. Rose et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010118
- A Large Eddy Simulation-Based Power Forecast Approach for Offshore Wind Farms Y. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246386
- Mesoscale-coupled Large Eddy Simulation for Wind Resource Assessment R. Storey & R. Rauffus https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/5/052040
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Implementation of high step-up power converter for fuel cell application with hybrid MPPT controller V. Prashanth et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53763-0
- Long-Distance Wind Farm Wake Modelling Using Convolutional Neural Networks F. Weilmann Rasmussen & P. Réthoré https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012019
- Techno-economic analysis for floating offshore wind and offshore green hydrogen D. Pegler et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.172
- An improved wind farm parametrization for inhomogeneous inflow M. Van Der Laan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092010
- Wind-farm wake recovery mechanisms in conventionally neutral boundary layers L. Lanzilao & J. Meyers https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2025.10320
- Turbine- and farm-scale power losses in wind farms: an alternative to wake and farm blockage losses A. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-435-2025
- Estimating long-term annual energy production from shorter-time-series data: methods and verification with a 10-year large-eddy simulation of a large offshore wind farm B. Postema et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1471-2025
- Developing an atlas of rain-induced leading edge erosion for wind turbine blades in the Dutch North Sea M. Caboni & G. van Dalum https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1887-2025
- Bridging Scales: Explicit Forest Representation and Full-Physics LES for Improved Wind Resource Modelling J. Sturm et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3232/1/012010
- Investigating the impact of coupling HARMONIE-WINS50 (cy43) meteorology to LOTOS-EUROS (v2.2.002) on a simulation of NO2 concentrations over the Netherlands A. Yarce Botero et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3765-2024
- Balancing cost-efficiency and sustainability in offshore hybrid renewable energy systems: A case study of Palau River M. Terkes et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2025.06.053
- Trends in Sizing for a Hydrogen Storage System for a 1 GW Offshore Wind Farm M. Berthelin et al. https://doi.org/10.1155/er/1182085
- Progress in the modelling and management of offshore wind farm wakes: A literature review T. Sant https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124544
- Numerical modelling of offshore wind-farm cluster wakes P. Ouro et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115526
- Benefits and Challenges of California Offshore Wind Electricity: An Updated Assessment A. Rose et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010118
- A Large Eddy Simulation-Based Power Forecast Approach for Offshore Wind Farms Y. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246386
- Mesoscale-coupled Large Eddy Simulation for Wind Resource Assessment R. Storey & R. Rauffus https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/5/052040
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 May 2026
Short summary
This work studies the energy production and wake losses of large offshore wind farms with a large-eddy simulation model. Therefore, 1 year of actual weather has been simulated for a suite of hypothetical 4 GW wind farm scenarios. The results suggest that production numbers increase significantly when the rated power of the individual turbines is larger while keeping the total installed capacity the same. Also, a clear impact of atmospheric stability on the energy production is found.
This work studies the energy production and wake losses of large offshore wind farms with a...
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