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https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-102
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-102
02 Jul 2025
 | 02 Jul 2025
Status: this preprint is currently under review for the journal WES.

Optimizing the Operation of Energy Islands with Predictive Nonlinear Programming – A case study based on the Princess Elisabeth Energy Island

Mario Useche-Arteaga, Pieter Gebraad, Vinicius Lacerda, Marc Cheah-Mane, and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Abstract. The concepts of Energy Islands or Energy Hubs have gained attention in Europe as a means to enhance offshore wind integration and regional energy systems. These islands can incorporate HVAC and HVDC transmission systems, battery energy storage systems (BESS), and hydrogen production, requiring advanced operational strategies to manage the inherent nonlinearities and time-dependence of their subsystems. To address these challenges, this work proposes a comprehensive framework for the optimal operation of hybrid AC/DC energy islands, addressing: (i) active and reactive power dispatch, incorporating BESS and hydrogen production; (ii) a detailed wind resource characterization based on one year of hourly data obtained using a realistic wind model with local measurements, including wake losses and turbine-level forecasts, used to define representative seasonal and spatial production patterns that inform typical operating conditions; and (iii) operational optimization of a realistic test system based on the Princess Elisabeth energy island, set up using commercial wind power planning tools and advanced forecasting software, and validated with Pyomo/Python.

Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.
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Mario Useche-Arteaga, Pieter Gebraad, Vinicius Lacerda, Marc Cheah-Mane, and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Status: open (until 30 Jul 2025)

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Mario Useche-Arteaga, Pieter Gebraad, Vinicius Lacerda, Marc Cheah-Mane, and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
Mario Useche-Arteaga, Pieter Gebraad, Vinicius Lacerda, Marc Cheah-Mane, and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

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Short summary
This paper develops a nonlinear optimization framework to operate offshore energy islands with hybrid AC/DC grids, energy storage, and hydrogen production. Using realistic wind forecasts and a detailed model inspired by the Princess Elisabeth Energy Island, the results show how the proposed approach can efficiently coordinate power flows and energy conversion systems, supporting reliable and flexible integration of offshore wind energy.
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