Articles | Volume 7, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2433-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2433-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Evaluation of low-level jets in the southern Baltic Sea: a comparison between ship-based lidar observational data and numerical models
Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems (IWES), 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
Martin Kühn
ForWind, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Küpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Julia Gottschall
Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems (IWES), 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
Viewed
Total article views: 3,861 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 16 May 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,561 | 1,200 | 100 | 3,861 | 123 | 146 |
- HTML: 2,561
- PDF: 1,200
- XML: 100
- Total: 3,861
- BibTeX: 123
- EndNote: 146
Total article views: 3,011 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 14 Dec 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,116 | 819 | 76 | 3,011 | 109 | 130 |
- HTML: 2,116
- PDF: 819
- XML: 76
- Total: 3,011
- BibTeX: 109
- EndNote: 130
Total article views: 850 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 16 May 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 445 | 381 | 24 | 850 | 14 | 16 |
- HTML: 445
- PDF: 381
- XML: 24
- Total: 850
- BibTeX: 14
- EndNote: 16
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 3,861 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,757 with geography defined
and 104 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 3,011 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 2,933 with geography defined
and 78 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 850 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 824 with geography defined
and 26 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Observation of Boundary-Layer Jets in the Northern South China Sea by a Research Vessel X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203872
- A Shipborne Doppler Lidar Investigation of the Winter Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Southeastern China’s Coastal Waters X. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132161
- Vertical extrapolation of Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) ocean surface winds using machine-learning techniques D. Hatfield et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-621-2023
- Tall wind profile validation of ERA5, NORA3, and NEWA datasets using lidar observations E. Cheynet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-733-2025
- Climatology of Low‐Level Jets Over Scandinavia and the Nordic Seas Using Model Datasets and Radiosondes C. Michel et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8871
- Evaluating the Performance of Pulsed and Continuous-Wave Lidar Wind Profilers with a Controlled Motion Experiment S. Malekmohammadi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173191
- The Paris low-level jet during PANAME 2022 and its impact on the summertime urban heat island J. Céspedes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11477-2024
- Ship-based lidar measurements for validating ASCAT-derived and ERA5 offshore wind profiles H. Rubio et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4949-2025
- Characteristics of the Wind Field and Low-Level Jets in the Middle and Lower Troposphere over Chengdu, Southwest China T. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18111744
- Measurement and analysis of high altitude wind profiles over the sea in a coastal zone using a scanning doppler LiDAR: Application to offshore wind energy A. Visich & B. Conan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120749
- Characterization of the offshore wind dynamics for wind energy production in the Gulf of Lion, Western Mediterranean Sea M. Thiébaut et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.weer.2024.100002
- Characterization of local wind profiles: a random forest approach for enhanced wind profile extrapolation F. Rouholahnejad & J. Gottschall https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-143-2025
- Triple-lidar measurements of wind across a virtual rotor plane over a sea surface M. Nafisifard et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012022
- Development of a Load Model Validation Framework Applied to Synthetic Turbulent Wind Field Evaluation P. Meyer et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040797
- Low-level jets in the North and Baltic seas: mesoscale model sensitivity and climatology using WRF V4.2.1 B. Olsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4499-2025
- Low-level jets' influence on the power conversion efficiency of offshore wind turbines J. Paulsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-321-2026
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Observation of Boundary-Layer Jets in the Northern South China Sea by a Research Vessel X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203872
- A Shipborne Doppler Lidar Investigation of the Winter Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Southeastern China’s Coastal Waters X. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132161
- Vertical extrapolation of Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) ocean surface winds using machine-learning techniques D. Hatfield et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-621-2023
- Tall wind profile validation of ERA5, NORA3, and NEWA datasets using lidar observations E. Cheynet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-733-2025
- Climatology of Low‐Level Jets Over Scandinavia and the Nordic Seas Using Model Datasets and Radiosondes C. Michel et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8871
- Evaluating the Performance of Pulsed and Continuous-Wave Lidar Wind Profilers with a Controlled Motion Experiment S. Malekmohammadi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173191
- The Paris low-level jet during PANAME 2022 and its impact on the summertime urban heat island J. Céspedes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11477-2024
- Ship-based lidar measurements for validating ASCAT-derived and ERA5 offshore wind profiles H. Rubio et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4949-2025
- Characteristics of the Wind Field and Low-Level Jets in the Middle and Lower Troposphere over Chengdu, Southwest China T. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18111744
- Measurement and analysis of high altitude wind profiles over the sea in a coastal zone using a scanning doppler LiDAR: Application to offshore wind energy A. Visich & B. Conan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120749
- Characterization of the offshore wind dynamics for wind energy production in the Gulf of Lion, Western Mediterranean Sea M. Thiébaut et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.weer.2024.100002
- Characterization of local wind profiles: a random forest approach for enhanced wind profile extrapolation F. Rouholahnejad & J. Gottschall https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-143-2025
- Triple-lidar measurements of wind across a virtual rotor plane over a sea surface M. Nafisifard et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012022
- Development of a Load Model Validation Framework Applied to Synthetic Turbulent Wind Field Evaluation P. Meyer et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040797
- Low-level jets in the North and Baltic seas: mesoscale model sensitivity and climatology using WRF V4.2.1 B. Olsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4499-2025
- Low-level jets' influence on the power conversion efficiency of offshore wind turbines J. Paulsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-321-2026
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 17 Jun 2026
Short summary
A proper development of offshore wind farms requires the accurate description of atmospheric phenomena like low-level jets. In this study, we evaluate the capabilities and limitations of numerical models to characterize the main jets' properties in the southern Baltic Sea. For this, a comparison against ship-mounted lidar measurements from the NEWA Ferry Lidar Experiment has been implemented, allowing the investigation of the model's capabilities under different temporal and spatial constraints.
A proper development of offshore wind farms requires the accurate description of atmospheric...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint