Articles | Volume 7, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Commentaries and perspectives
| 
15 Dec 2022
Commentaries and perspectives |
| 15 Dec 2022
| 15 Dec 2022
Grand Challenges: wind energy research needs for a global energy transition
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Sukanta Basu
Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN, Delft, the Netherlands
Alessandro Bianchini
Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy
Andrew Clifton
Institute of Aircraft Design, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
enviConnect, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Peter Green
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Hannele Holttinen
Recognis Oy, 02200 Espoo, Finland
Electrical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
Lena Kitzing
Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Branko Kosovic
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA
Julie K. Lundquist
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Johan Meyers
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Mark O'Malley
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
William J. Shaw
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
Bethany Straw
US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
Viewed
Total article views: 11,456 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 03 Aug 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7,915 | 3,393 | 148 | 11,456 | 227 | 236 |
- HTML: 7,915
- PDF: 3,393
- XML: 148
- Total: 11,456
- BibTeX: 227
- EndNote: 236
Total article views: 7,705 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 15 Dec 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,221 | 2,359 | 125 | 7,705 | 205 | 218 |
- HTML: 5,221
- PDF: 2,359
- XML: 125
- Total: 7,705
- BibTeX: 205
- EndNote: 218
Total article views: 3,751 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 03 Aug 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,694 | 1,034 | 23 | 3,751 | 22 | 18 |
- HTML: 2,694
- PDF: 1,034
- XML: 23
- Total: 3,751
- BibTeX: 22
- EndNote: 18
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 11,456 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 11,064 with geography defined
and 392 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 7,705 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 7,446 with geography defined
and 259 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 3,751 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,618 with geography defined
and 133 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
45 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Sentinel-1 for offshore wind energy application C. Hasager & K. Dimitriadou https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115369
- Novel modelling and analysis of storm Amy over the North Sea from a wind energy perspective A. Thorsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022042
- Analysis of the Aeroelastic Dynamics of Lightweight Flexible Variations of the SNL-NRT Turbine A. Farrell et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech5020017
- Experimental characterization of complex atmospheric flows: A wind turbine wake case study N. Angelou et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adw8524
- Multi-fidelity Bayesian Optimisation of Wind Farm Wake Steering using Wake Models and Large Eddy Simulations A. Mole & S. Laizet https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-024-00629-0
- Interference between main and auxiliary rotors in floating dual-rotor wind turbines under stationary and surge conditions X. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120462
- Data-driven optimisation of wind farm layout and wake steering with large-eddy simulations N. Bempedelis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-869-2024
- Analyzing the Physical Mechanisms of Aerodynamic Damping in Wind Turbine Blade Vibrations via Numerical Simulation N. Yates et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech7020028
- Wind resource modelling of entire sites using Large Eddy Simulation J. Kantharaju et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2507/1/012015
- The wake of a large wind turbine in stable atmospheric boundary layer flow, simulated in the EnFlo stratified-flow wind tunnel P. Hancock & P. Hayden https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0188640
- Wind energy potential in compact urban areas with balconies W. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0243434
- Understanding wind farm power densities R. Stevens https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2023.113
- Advancing Wake Loss Prediction in Wind Farms through Analytical Machine Learning Hybridization B. Talbi et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202568000116
- A Resolvent Analysis Approach towards Turbulence in Wall-Bounded Flows R. Shokri-Khanghah et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022047
- Technical and economic challenges for floating offshore wind deployment in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea L. Serri et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.533
- Modeling and Analysis of Wind Turbine Wake Vortex Evolution Due to Time-Constant Spatial Variations in Atmospheric Flow A. Farrell et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061499
- A Review Concerning the Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Potential in the Black Sea A. Silion & L. Rusu https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091643
- A multi-drive aerodynamic load simulator for floating wind turbine model tests: Development, test and application B. Wen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115579
- Analyzing the Effects of Atmospheric Turbulent Fluctuations on the Wake Structure of Wind Turbines and Their Blade Vibrational Dynamics A. Farrell et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092058
- Bayesian uncertainty quantification framework for wake model calibration and validation with historical wind farm power data F. Aerts et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2841
- Wind Field Reconstruction for Lidar-Assisted Control of Wind Turbines S. Correa et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/5/052038
- Towards Universal Non-Dimensional Characterization of the Oscillatory Dynamics of Wind Turbine Rotors of Multiple Sizes N. Yates et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/dynamics5020012
- Influence of simple terrain on the spatial variability of a low-level jet and wind farm performance in the AWAKEN field campaign W. Radünz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2365-2025
- High-fidelity simulations of wake-to-wake interaction in an atmospheric boundary layer over a complex terrain C. Jané-Ippel et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2505/1/012033
- Sea surface warming and ocean-to-atmosphere feedback driven by large-scale offshore wind farms under seasonally stratified conditions H. Seo et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adw7603
- Impact of control strategies on the control co-design of spar floating offshore wind turbines S. Bayat & J. Allison https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121763
- Floating Offshore Wind Energy: Challenges and Research Needs in Fluid Mechanics A. Viré et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-025-00717-9
- A Review of Experiment Methods, Simulation Approaches and Wake Characteristics of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020208
- Going beyond BEM with BEM: an insight into dynamic inflow effects on floating wind turbines F. Papi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1069-2024
- Bayesian Optimisation of a Two‐Turbine Configuration Around a 2D Hill Using Large Eddy Simulations C. Jané‐Ippel et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2946
- Experimental Study on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Swept-Blade Wind Turbine Under Turbulent Inflow Conditions J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11050293
- Grand challenges of wind energy science – meeting the needs and services of the power system M. O'Malley et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2087-2024
- System impacts of wind energy developments: Key research challenges and opportunities R. McKenna et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.11.016
- Temporal Super-Resolution of Wind Time Series using a Large Language Model (LLM) Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) G. Cruz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022041
- Scalable SCADA-Based Calibration for Analytical Wake Models Across an Offshore Cluster D. Binsbergen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2745/1/012014
- Probabilistic corrosion-fatigue framework for structural steels: case study on offshore wind turbine applications with weathering steel X. Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.125183
- Effects of Offshore Wind Farms: Environmental and Social Perspectives from Uruguay M. Forastiero et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209057
- Tackling grand challenges in wind energy through a socio-technical perspective J. Kirkegaard et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01266-z
- An analytical model of momentum availability for predicting large wind farm power A. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2023.844
- Offshore wind-to-green hydrogen: a comprehensive review on current challenges, techno-economic analyses, environmental implications, and potential risks M. Mudhafar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.107631
- Map-based Stochastic Turbulence Modeling for Utilization in Wind Engineering M. Klein et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.12.046
- Experimental evaluation of wind LiDAR motion induction effects in mean horizontal wind speed and turbulence data using continuous-wave and pulsed LiDAR vertical profilers J. Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/8/082038
- Turbine- and farm-scale power losses in wind farms: an alternative to wake and farm blockage losses A. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-435-2025
- Multi-point in situ measurements of turbulent flow in a wind turbine wake and inflow with a fleet of uncrewed aerial systems T. Wetz & N. Wildmann https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-515-2023
- A Novel V-Shaped Semi-Submersible Floater for Collocation of Wind Turbine and Wave Energy Converters Z. Tay & N. Htoo https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14100931
45 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Sentinel-1 for offshore wind energy application C. Hasager & K. Dimitriadou https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115369
- Novel modelling and analysis of storm Amy over the North Sea from a wind energy perspective A. Thorsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022042
- Analysis of the Aeroelastic Dynamics of Lightweight Flexible Variations of the SNL-NRT Turbine A. Farrell et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech5020017
- Experimental characterization of complex atmospheric flows: A wind turbine wake case study N. Angelou et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adw8524
- Multi-fidelity Bayesian Optimisation of Wind Farm Wake Steering using Wake Models and Large Eddy Simulations A. Mole & S. Laizet https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-024-00629-0
- Interference between main and auxiliary rotors in floating dual-rotor wind turbines under stationary and surge conditions X. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120462
- Data-driven optimisation of wind farm layout and wake steering with large-eddy simulations N. Bempedelis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-869-2024
- Analyzing the Physical Mechanisms of Aerodynamic Damping in Wind Turbine Blade Vibrations via Numerical Simulation N. Yates et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech7020028
- Wind resource modelling of entire sites using Large Eddy Simulation J. Kantharaju et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2507/1/012015
- The wake of a large wind turbine in stable atmospheric boundary layer flow, simulated in the EnFlo stratified-flow wind tunnel P. Hancock & P. Hayden https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0188640
- Wind energy potential in compact urban areas with balconies W. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0243434
- Understanding wind farm power densities R. Stevens https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2023.113
- Advancing Wake Loss Prediction in Wind Farms through Analytical Machine Learning Hybridization B. Talbi et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202568000116
- A Resolvent Analysis Approach towards Turbulence in Wall-Bounded Flows R. Shokri-Khanghah et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022047
- Technical and economic challenges for floating offshore wind deployment in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea L. Serri et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.533
- Modeling and Analysis of Wind Turbine Wake Vortex Evolution Due to Time-Constant Spatial Variations in Atmospheric Flow A. Farrell et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061499
- A Review Concerning the Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Potential in the Black Sea A. Silion & L. Rusu https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091643
- A multi-drive aerodynamic load simulator for floating wind turbine model tests: Development, test and application B. Wen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115579
- Analyzing the Effects of Atmospheric Turbulent Fluctuations on the Wake Structure of Wind Turbines and Their Blade Vibrational Dynamics A. Farrell et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092058
- Bayesian uncertainty quantification framework for wake model calibration and validation with historical wind farm power data F. Aerts et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2841
- Wind Field Reconstruction for Lidar-Assisted Control of Wind Turbines S. Correa et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/5/052038
- Towards Universal Non-Dimensional Characterization of the Oscillatory Dynamics of Wind Turbine Rotors of Multiple Sizes N. Yates et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/dynamics5020012
- Influence of simple terrain on the spatial variability of a low-level jet and wind farm performance in the AWAKEN field campaign W. Radünz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2365-2025
- High-fidelity simulations of wake-to-wake interaction in an atmospheric boundary layer over a complex terrain C. Jané-Ippel et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2505/1/012033
- Sea surface warming and ocean-to-atmosphere feedback driven by large-scale offshore wind farms under seasonally stratified conditions H. Seo et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adw7603
- Impact of control strategies on the control co-design of spar floating offshore wind turbines S. Bayat & J. Allison https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121763
- Floating Offshore Wind Energy: Challenges and Research Needs in Fluid Mechanics A. Viré et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-025-00717-9
- A Review of Experiment Methods, Simulation Approaches and Wake Characteristics of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020208
- Going beyond BEM with BEM: an insight into dynamic inflow effects on floating wind turbines F. Papi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1069-2024
- Bayesian Optimisation of a Two‐Turbine Configuration Around a 2D Hill Using Large Eddy Simulations C. Jané‐Ippel et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2946
- Experimental Study on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Swept-Blade Wind Turbine Under Turbulent Inflow Conditions J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11050293
- Grand challenges of wind energy science – meeting the needs and services of the power system M. O'Malley et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2087-2024
- System impacts of wind energy developments: Key research challenges and opportunities R. McKenna et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.11.016
- Temporal Super-Resolution of Wind Time Series using a Large Language Model (LLM) Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) G. Cruz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022041
- Scalable SCADA-Based Calibration for Analytical Wake Models Across an Offshore Cluster D. Binsbergen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2745/1/012014
- Probabilistic corrosion-fatigue framework for structural steels: case study on offshore wind turbine applications with weathering steel X. Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.125183
- Effects of Offshore Wind Farms: Environmental and Social Perspectives from Uruguay M. Forastiero et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209057
- Tackling grand challenges in wind energy through a socio-technical perspective J. Kirkegaard et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01266-z
- An analytical model of momentum availability for predicting large wind farm power A. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2023.844
- Offshore wind-to-green hydrogen: a comprehensive review on current challenges, techno-economic analyses, environmental implications, and potential risks M. Mudhafar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.107631
- Map-based Stochastic Turbulence Modeling for Utilization in Wind Engineering M. Klein et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.12.046
- Experimental evaluation of wind LiDAR motion induction effects in mean horizontal wind speed and turbulence data using continuous-wave and pulsed LiDAR vertical profilers J. Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/8/082038
- Turbine- and farm-scale power losses in wind farms: an alternative to wake and farm blockage losses A. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-435-2025
- Multi-point in situ measurements of turbulent flow in a wind turbine wake and inflow with a fleet of uncrewed aerial systems T. Wetz & N. Wildmann https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-515-2023
- A Novel V-Shaped Semi-Submersible Floater for Collocation of Wind Turbine and Wave Energy Converters Z. Tay & N. Htoo https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14100931
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Download
- Article
(775 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
Wind energy will play a central role in the transition of our energy system to a carbon-free future. However, many underlying scientific issues remain to be resolved before wind can be deployed in the locations and applications needed for such large-scale ambitions. The Grand Challenges are the gaps in the science left behind during the rapid growth of wind energy. This article explains the breadth of the unfinished business and introduces 10 articles that detail the research needs.
Wind energy will play a central role in the transition of our energy system to a carbon-free...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint