Articles | Volume 8, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1225-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1225-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Jul 2023
Research article |
| 25 Jul 2023
| 25 Jul 2023
Offshore wind farm optimisation: a comparison of performance between regular and irregular wind turbine layouts
Maaike Sickler
Ventolines B.V., P.J. Oudweg 4, 1314 CH Almere, the Netherlands
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
DTU Wind Energy, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Bart Ummels
Ventolines B.V., P.J. Oudweg 4, 1314 CH Almere, the Netherlands
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
Michiel Zaaijer
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Katherine Dykes
DTU Wind Energy, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Cited
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The future of offshore wind power production: Wake and climate impacts S. Warder & M. Piggott https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124956
- Investigation of onshore wind farm wake recovery with in situ aircraft measurements during AWAKEN A. Voss et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-71-2026
- Parametric Analysis of Offshore Wind Farm Layout Geometry Using a Jensen Wake Model for 15 MW Turbine Systems K. Bisgaard Christensen & P. Jørgensen https://doi.org/10.3390/wind6030041
- Synergistic effect of the small VAWTs and large HAWTs for forced wake recovery of wind farm J. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.123359
- Achieving Power-Noise Balance in Wind Farms by Fine-Tuning the Layout with Reinforcement Learning G. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18185019
- Offshore wind turbines detection from single-scene SAR imagery using morphological and spatial features Y. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2026.2699963
- Large eddy simulation of wind farm performance in horizontally and vertically staggered layouts M. Bin Shahadat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135569
- Power Production, Inter- and Intra-Array Wake Losses from the U.S. East Coast Offshore Wind Energy Lease Areas S. Pryor & R. Barthelmie https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051063
- Competition, conflict and consequences: offshore geospatial planning for the energy transition R. Hamilton & J. Underhill https://doi.org/10.1144/gslbooks2025-35
- A Review of Mathematical Optimization Methods in Offshore Wind Energy Systems: Design, Layout, and Control F. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14111033
- Offshore wind farm layout optimization accounting for participation in secondary reserve markets T. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1661-2025
- Recent advancements in morphing applications: Architecture, artificial intelligence integration, challenges, and future trends-a comprehensive survey M. Mowla et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.110102
- A Study on Layout Optimization of Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farms J. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.26748/KSOE.2025.070
- Hyperparameter tuning framework for calibrating analytical wake models using SCADA data of an offshore wind farm D. van Binsbergen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1507-2024
- Progress in the modelling and management of offshore wind farm wakes: A literature review T. Sant https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124544
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The future of offshore wind power production: Wake and climate impacts S. Warder & M. Piggott https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124956
- Investigation of onshore wind farm wake recovery with in situ aircraft measurements during AWAKEN A. Voss et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-71-2026
- Parametric Analysis of Offshore Wind Farm Layout Geometry Using a Jensen Wake Model for 15 MW Turbine Systems K. Bisgaard Christensen & P. Jørgensen https://doi.org/10.3390/wind6030041
- Synergistic effect of the small VAWTs and large HAWTs for forced wake recovery of wind farm J. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.123359
- Achieving Power-Noise Balance in Wind Farms by Fine-Tuning the Layout with Reinforcement Learning G. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18185019
- Offshore wind turbines detection from single-scene SAR imagery using morphological and spatial features Y. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2026.2699963
- Large eddy simulation of wind farm performance in horizontally and vertically staggered layouts M. Bin Shahadat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135569
- Power Production, Inter- and Intra-Array Wake Losses from the U.S. East Coast Offshore Wind Energy Lease Areas S. Pryor & R. Barthelmie https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051063
- Competition, conflict and consequences: offshore geospatial planning for the energy transition R. Hamilton & J. Underhill https://doi.org/10.1144/gslbooks2025-35
- A Review of Mathematical Optimization Methods in Offshore Wind Energy Systems: Design, Layout, and Control F. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14111033
- Offshore wind farm layout optimization accounting for participation in secondary reserve markets T. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1661-2025
- Recent advancements in morphing applications: Architecture, artificial intelligence integration, challenges, and future trends-a comprehensive survey M. Mowla et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.110102
- A Study on Layout Optimization of Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farms J. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.26748/KSOE.2025.070
- Hyperparameter tuning framework for calibrating analytical wake models using SCADA data of an offshore wind farm D. van Binsbergen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1507-2024
- Progress in the modelling and management of offshore wind farm wakes: A literature review T. Sant https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124544
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 19 Aug 2026
Short summary
This paper investigates the effect of wind farm layout on the performance of offshore wind farms. A regular farm layout is compared to optimised irregular layouts. The irregular layouts have higher annual energy production, and the power production is less sensitive to wind direction. However, turbine towers require thicker walls to counteract increased fatigue due to increased turbulence levels in the farm. The study shows that layout optimisation can be used to maintain high-yield performance.
This paper investigates the effect of wind farm layout on the performance of offshore wind...
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