Articles | Volume 8, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1651-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1651-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Brief communication
| 
08 Nov 2023
Brief communication |
| 08 Nov 2023
| 08 Nov 2023
Brief communication: On the definition of the low-level jet
Christoffer Hallgren
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Jeanie A. Aird
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Stefan Ivanell
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Heiner Körnich
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
Rebecca J. Barthelmie
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Sara C. Pryor
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Erik Sahlée
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Characterization and bias correction of low-level jets at FINO1 using lidar observations and reanalysis data H. Bui et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2307-2026
- Aeroelastic Response of Offshore Wind Turbines to Low-Level Jets Using OpenFAST L. Schena et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/4/042038
- Quantitative comparison of power production and power quality onshore and offshore: a case study from the eastern United States R. Foody et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-263-2024
- Offshore low-level jet observations and model representation using lidar buoy data off the California coast L. Sheridan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-741-2024
- Model sensitivity across scales: a case study of simulating an offshore low-level jet P. Hawbecker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-51-2026
- Low-level jets in the North and Baltic seas: mesoscale model sensitivity and climatology using WRF V4.2.1 B. Olsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4499-2025
- Low-level jets' influence on the power conversion efficiency of offshore wind turbines J. Paulsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-321-2026
- Hungarian Drone-Based Wind Measurements During the WMO UAS Demonstration Campaign—A Low-Level Jet Case Study Á. Steierlein et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10020118
- Modeling frontal low-level jets and associated extreme wind power ramps over the North Sea H. Baki et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1575-2025
- Detecting Low-Level Jets over the Belgian North Sea from Sparse In-Situ Measurements using Temporal Convolutional Networks G. Glabeke et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022044
- Climatology of Low‐Level Jets Over Scandinavia and the Nordic Seas Using Model Datasets and Radiosondes C. Michel et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8871
- Wind profiles and low-level jet structures over the coastal waters of Japan K. Goto et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2157-2026
- Impact of Stable Boundary Layer Dynamics on Wind Turbine Wake Characteristics: Insights from LES and Field Data at the WiValdi Wind Park L. Bührend et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032042
- Development of a Load Model Validation Framework Applied to Synthetic Turbulent Wind Field Evaluation P. Meyer et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040797
- Observation of the atmospheric boundary layer over the Atlantic and its effects for wind propulsion U. Dhomé et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106014
- The planetary boundary layer top as a valve: Unraveling bidirectional aerosol transport K. Cui et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.123986
- Machine learning methods to improve spatial predictions of coastal wind speed profiles and low-level jets using single-level ERA5 data C. Hallgren et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-821-2024
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Characterization and bias correction of low-level jets at FINO1 using lidar observations and reanalysis data H. Bui et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2307-2026
- Aeroelastic Response of Offshore Wind Turbines to Low-Level Jets Using OpenFAST L. Schena et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/4/042038
- Quantitative comparison of power production and power quality onshore and offshore: a case study from the eastern United States R. Foody et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-263-2024
- Offshore low-level jet observations and model representation using lidar buoy data off the California coast L. Sheridan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-741-2024
- Model sensitivity across scales: a case study of simulating an offshore low-level jet P. Hawbecker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-51-2026
- Low-level jets in the North and Baltic seas: mesoscale model sensitivity and climatology using WRF V4.2.1 B. Olsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4499-2025
- Low-level jets' influence on the power conversion efficiency of offshore wind turbines J. Paulsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-321-2026
- Hungarian Drone-Based Wind Measurements During the WMO UAS Demonstration Campaign—A Low-Level Jet Case Study Á. Steierlein et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10020118
- Modeling frontal low-level jets and associated extreme wind power ramps over the North Sea H. Baki et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1575-2025
- Detecting Low-Level Jets over the Belgian North Sea from Sparse In-Situ Measurements using Temporal Convolutional Networks G. Glabeke et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022044
- Climatology of Low‐Level Jets Over Scandinavia and the Nordic Seas Using Model Datasets and Radiosondes C. Michel et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8871
- Wind profiles and low-level jet structures over the coastal waters of Japan K. Goto et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2157-2026
- Impact of Stable Boundary Layer Dynamics on Wind Turbine Wake Characteristics: Insights from LES and Field Data at the WiValdi Wind Park L. Bührend et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032042
- Development of a Load Model Validation Framework Applied to Synthetic Turbulent Wind Field Evaluation P. Meyer et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040797
- Observation of the atmospheric boundary layer over the Atlantic and its effects for wind propulsion U. Dhomé et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2025.106014
- The planetary boundary layer top as a valve: Unraveling bidirectional aerosol transport K. Cui et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.123986
- Machine learning methods to improve spatial predictions of coastal wind speed profiles and low-level jets using single-level ERA5 data C. Hallgren et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-821-2024
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 14 Jul 2026
Short summary
Low-level jets (LLJs) are special types of non-ideal wind profiles affecting both wind energy production and loads on a wind turbine. However, among LLJ researchers, there is no consensus regarding which definition to use to identify these profiles. In this work, we compare two different ways of identifying the LLJ – the falloff definition and the shear definition – and argue why the shear definition is better suited to wind energy applications.
Low-level jets (LLJs) are special types of non-ideal wind profiles affecting both wind energy...
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