Articles | Volume 9, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1123-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1123-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 May 2024
Research article |
| 08 May 2024
| 08 May 2024
The multi-scale coupled model: a new framework capturing wind farm–atmosphere interaction and global blockage effects
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
Arjun Ajay
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
Dries Allaerts
Aerospace Engineering, TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands
Joshua Brinkerhoff
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Validation of a blockage-corrected wake model with operational farm power of the Belgian–Dutch wind farm cluster N. Kethavath et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032139
- Turbine- and farm-scale power losses in wind farms: an alternative to wake and farm blockage losses A. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-435-2025
- Measuring and Simulating Wind Farm Wakes in the North Sea for Use in Assessing Other Regions R. Foreman et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205538
- Wake added turbulence in multi-GW wind farms T. Stallard et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032059
- Effect of blockage on wind turbine power and wake development O. Ndindayino et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2079-2025
- Development of a multi-layer atmospheric perturbation model: a case study of the Belgian offshore zone T. Delvaux et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032142
- Modelling atmospheric gravity waves for wind turbine performance and loads assessment J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022037
- Synchronized dynamic induction control to enhance wind turbine and farm wake mixing F. Pish et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032018
- Direct integration of non-axisymmetric Gaussian wind-turbine wake including yaw and wind-veer effects K. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-511-2025
- Diurnal surface heat-flux forcing controls wind-farm performance, blockage, and gravity-wave formation M. Pasupula et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0334039
- A large-eddy simulation (LES) model for wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity wave effects inside conventionally neutral boundary layers S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1647-2024
- Enhanced Random Vector Functional Link Networks With Bayesian-Based Hyperparameter Optimization for Wind Speed Forecasting L. Seman et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3640434
- Wind farm resolution enhancing through meso-microscale coupled method with complex terrain R. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X251387838
- Numerical modelling of offshore wind-farm cluster wakes P. Ouro et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115526
- Dynamic response of a shallow conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layer to active cluster wake control J. Gutknecht et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032123
- Dries Allaerts, 1989–2024 M. Bastankhah et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2171-2024
- The actuator farm model for large eddy simulation (LES) of wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity waves and farm–farm interaction S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2301-2024
- Bayesian uncertainty quantification of engineering models for wind farm–atmosphere interaction F. Aerts et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1205-2026
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Validation of a blockage-corrected wake model with operational farm power of the Belgian–Dutch wind farm cluster N. Kethavath et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032139
- Turbine- and farm-scale power losses in wind farms: an alternative to wake and farm blockage losses A. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-435-2025
- Measuring and Simulating Wind Farm Wakes in the North Sea for Use in Assessing Other Regions R. Foreman et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205538
- Wake added turbulence in multi-GW wind farms T. Stallard et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032059
- Effect of blockage on wind turbine power and wake development O. Ndindayino et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2079-2025
- Development of a multi-layer atmospheric perturbation model: a case study of the Belgian offshore zone T. Delvaux et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032142
- Modelling atmospheric gravity waves for wind turbine performance and loads assessment J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/2/022037
- Synchronized dynamic induction control to enhance wind turbine and farm wake mixing F. Pish et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032018
- Direct integration of non-axisymmetric Gaussian wind-turbine wake including yaw and wind-veer effects K. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-511-2025
- Diurnal surface heat-flux forcing controls wind-farm performance, blockage, and gravity-wave formation M. Pasupula et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0334039
- A large-eddy simulation (LES) model for wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity wave effects inside conventionally neutral boundary layers S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1647-2024
- Enhanced Random Vector Functional Link Networks With Bayesian-Based Hyperparameter Optimization for Wind Speed Forecasting L. Seman et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3640434
- Wind farm resolution enhancing through meso-microscale coupled method with complex terrain R. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X251387838
- Numerical modelling of offshore wind-farm cluster wakes P. Ouro et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115526
- Dynamic response of a shallow conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layer to active cluster wake control J. Gutknecht et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032123
- Dries Allaerts, 1989–2024 M. Bastankhah et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2171-2024
- The actuator farm model for large eddy simulation (LES) of wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity waves and farm–farm interaction S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2301-2024
- Bayesian uncertainty quantification of engineering models for wind farm–atmosphere interaction F. Aerts et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1205-2026
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 15 Aug 2026
Short summary
This paper introduces the multi-scale coupled (MSC) model, an engineering framework aimed at modeling turbine–wake and wind farm–gravity wave interactions, as well as local and global blockage effects. Comparisons against large eddy simulations show that the MSC model offers a valid contribution towards advancing our understanding of the coupled wind farm–atmosphere interaction, helping refining power estimation methodologies for existing and future wind farm sites.
This paper introduces the multi-scale coupled (MSC) model, an engineering framework aimed at...
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