Articles | Volume 9, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-533-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-533-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A critical review of challenges and opportunities for the design and operation of offshore structures supporting renewable hydrogen production, storage, and transport
Claudio Alexis Rodríguez Castillo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 100 Montrose Street, Glasgow G4 0LZ, United Kingdom
Baran Yeter
Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 100 Montrose Street, Glasgow G4 0LZ, United Kingdom
Shen Li
Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 100 Montrose Street, Glasgow G4 0LZ, United Kingdom
Feargal Brennan
Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 100 Montrose Street, Glasgow G4 0LZ, United Kingdom
Maurizio Collu
Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 100 Montrose Street, Glasgow G4 0LZ, United Kingdom
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Cited
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Comprehensive Review on Challenges of Integration of Renewable Energy Systems into Microgrid M. Almihat & J. Munda https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v14i1.382
- Dynamic assessment of decentralized hydrogen production and storage on a semi-submersible floating wind turbine platform T. Pham et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.150832
- A SWOT analysis for the evolution of Brazil’s renewable energy sector G. Vasconcelos & H. Castilho https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2025.101997
- Dynamic simulation of offshore wind-to-green hydrogen power with thermochemical hydrogen co-production and underground storage in Ireland N. Cuileáin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121723
- A comprehensive review of floating renewable energy technologies M. Baig et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2026.102082
- A multi-dimensional perspective to the adoption of green hydrogen as an alternative fuel for the transportation sector: An integrated DELPHI-Fuzzy DEMATEL technique A. Gupta & M. Srivastava https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2025.100274
- Backup power supply for a hydrogen-producing offshore wind turbine – a technology comparison L. Niklaus et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1807-2025
- Low-emission offshore oil and gas production: A review of achievements and challenges S. Mohammadi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.146504
- System configurations and cross-domain interdependencies in offshore wind–hydrogen production K. Cha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117048
- Research Progress of Archimedes Spiral Hydrokinetic Turbines in Free-Flow Conditions: A Comprehensive Review K. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14151449
- Time-domain fatigue reliability analysis for floating offshore wind turbine substructures using coupled nonlinear aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulations F. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.118759
- Assessing the Feasibility of Repurposing the Existing Natural Gas Pipelines for Hydrogen Transport—A Comprehensive Review O. Ayodele & D. Ali https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14071182
- Current Options and Future Trends in Green Fuels Storage M. Maqbool et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102256
- Concept for an ML-supported structural health monitoring of GFRP-tanks using strain data: A case study on the storage of a liquid organic hydrogen carrier under operational-like conditions V. Beber & O. Hesebeck https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2026.114681
- From offshore renewable energy to green hydrogen: addressing critical questions S. Kumarasamy et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkaf003
- Direct seawater electrolysis for green hydrogen production: electrode designs, cell configurations, and system integrations L. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EE01093D
- Numerical Dynamic Response Analysis of a Ship Engine Room Explosion Simulation Using OpenFOAM Z. Miao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061051
- Mechanism-Based Degradation and Structural Integrity of Marine Renewable Energy Systems: Multiscale Modelling, Materials Challenges, and Future Qualification Frameworks M. Siddiq et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112590
- Prospects of offshore hydrogen production in emerging economies S. Oladipupo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117002
- Societal Welfare Implications of Solar and Renewable Energy Deployment: A Systematic Review S. Kunskaja & A. Budzyński https://doi.org/10.3390/solar6010003
- Design of a novel tower damping system for semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines considering fatigue and ultimate limit states H. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120343
- Risk assessment of the offshore integrated Photovoltaic-Power Storage-Hydrogen project in the context of “Dual Carbon” H. Zhao & Y. Li https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2026.139084
- Techno-Economic Analysis of Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Offshore Wind Farms: Two Italian Study Cases F. Lanni et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041219
- Review: From research progress to real-world marine applications of direct seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production Y. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2026.122909
- Green hydrogen production in offshore environments: A comprehensive review, current challenges, economics and future-prospects B. Oni et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.429
- Integrated design and operation of offshore wind energy hubs: Multi-vector green hydrogen and ammonia networks M. Sharifzadeh & N. Shah https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127882
- A fracture phase-field method based approach for predicting fatigue crack growth at welded joints of offshore structures N. Chen & Y. Qu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2026.112034
- Design considerations and preliminary hydrodynamic analysis of an offshore decentralised floating wind-hydrogen system C. Rodríguez Castillo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.340
- Numerical Simulations of Scaling of the Chamber Dimensions of the Liquid Piston Compressor for Hydrogen Applications M. Konuhova et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13060226
- Experimental motion and load comparison of rigidly and hinged connected very large floating platforms A. Arredondo-Galeana et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2025.11.008
- Technology assessment of components, grid layouts, and configurations in offshore green hydrogen production systems M. Baharizadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.156290
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Comprehensive Review on Challenges of Integration of Renewable Energy Systems into Microgrid M. Almihat & J. Munda https://doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v14i1.382
- Dynamic assessment of decentralized hydrogen production and storage on a semi-submersible floating wind turbine platform T. Pham et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.150832
- A SWOT analysis for the evolution of Brazil’s renewable energy sector G. Vasconcelos & H. Castilho https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2025.101997
- Dynamic simulation of offshore wind-to-green hydrogen power with thermochemical hydrogen co-production and underground storage in Ireland N. Cuileáin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121723
- A comprehensive review of floating renewable energy technologies M. Baig et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2026.102082
- A multi-dimensional perspective to the adoption of green hydrogen as an alternative fuel for the transportation sector: An integrated DELPHI-Fuzzy DEMATEL technique A. Gupta & M. Srivastava https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2025.100274
- Backup power supply for a hydrogen-producing offshore wind turbine – a technology comparison L. Niklaus et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1807-2025
- Low-emission offshore oil and gas production: A review of achievements and challenges S. Mohammadi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.146504
- System configurations and cross-domain interdependencies in offshore wind–hydrogen production K. Cha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117048
- Research Progress of Archimedes Spiral Hydrokinetic Turbines in Free-Flow Conditions: A Comprehensive Review K. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14151449
- Time-domain fatigue reliability analysis for floating offshore wind turbine substructures using coupled nonlinear aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulations F. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.118759
- Assessing the Feasibility of Repurposing the Existing Natural Gas Pipelines for Hydrogen Transport—A Comprehensive Review O. Ayodele & D. Ali https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14071182
- Current Options and Future Trends in Green Fuels Storage M. Maqbool et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102256
- Concept for an ML-supported structural health monitoring of GFRP-tanks using strain data: A case study on the storage of a liquid organic hydrogen carrier under operational-like conditions V. Beber & O. Hesebeck https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2026.114681
- From offshore renewable energy to green hydrogen: addressing critical questions S. Kumarasamy et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkaf003
- Direct seawater electrolysis for green hydrogen production: electrode designs, cell configurations, and system integrations L. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EE01093D
- Numerical Dynamic Response Analysis of a Ship Engine Room Explosion Simulation Using OpenFOAM Z. Miao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061051
- Mechanism-Based Degradation and Structural Integrity of Marine Renewable Energy Systems: Multiscale Modelling, Materials Challenges, and Future Qualification Frameworks M. Siddiq et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112590
- Prospects of offshore hydrogen production in emerging economies S. Oladipupo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117002
- Societal Welfare Implications of Solar and Renewable Energy Deployment: A Systematic Review S. Kunskaja & A. Budzyński https://doi.org/10.3390/solar6010003
- Design of a novel tower damping system for semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines considering fatigue and ultimate limit states H. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120343
- Risk assessment of the offshore integrated Photovoltaic-Power Storage-Hydrogen project in the context of “Dual Carbon” H. Zhao & Y. Li https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2026.139084
- Techno-Economic Analysis of Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Offshore Wind Farms: Two Italian Study Cases F. Lanni et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041219
- Review: From research progress to real-world marine applications of direct seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production Y. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2026.122909
- Green hydrogen production in offshore environments: A comprehensive review, current challenges, economics and future-prospects B. Oni et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.429
- Integrated design and operation of offshore wind energy hubs: Multi-vector green hydrogen and ammonia networks M. Sharifzadeh & N. Shah https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127882
- A fracture phase-field method based approach for predicting fatigue crack growth at welded joints of offshore structures N. Chen & Y. Qu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2026.112034
- Design considerations and preliminary hydrodynamic analysis of an offshore decentralised floating wind-hydrogen system C. Rodríguez Castillo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.340
- Numerical Simulations of Scaling of the Chamber Dimensions of the Liquid Piston Compressor for Hydrogen Applications M. Konuhova et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13060226
- Experimental motion and load comparison of rigidly and hinged connected very large floating platforms A. Arredondo-Galeana et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2025.11.008
- Technology assessment of components, grid layouts, and configurations in offshore green hydrogen production systems M. Baharizadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.156290
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 26 Aug 2026
Short summary
A detailed review of ocean renewable systems, with focus on offshore wind, for the offshore production of green fuels was conducted. Engineering tools and methodologies and their suitability for the design and operation of offshore H2 systems were reviewed. Distinct from wind electricity generation, the support platforms for offshore H2 systems involve additional requirements and constraints. Challenges and opportunities for the offshore H2 systems are discussed.
A detailed review of ocean renewable systems, with focus on offshore wind, for the offshore...
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