Articles | Volume 9, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-697-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-697-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Mar 2024
Research article |
| 20 Mar 2024
| 20 Mar 2024
Mesoscale modelling of North Sea wind resources with COSMO-CLM: model evaluation and impact assessment of future wind farm characteristics on cluster-scale wake losses
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Marieke Dirksen
Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Ine L. Wijnant
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Andrew Stepek
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Ad Stoffelen
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
Naveed Akhtar
Institute of Coastal Systems – Analysis and Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
Jérôme Neirynck
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Jonas Van de Walle
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Johan Meyers
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Nicole P. M. van Lipzig
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Cited
12 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Offshore wind energy in the Iberian Peninsula: A comparative analysis of availability, persistence, and complementarity with onshore wind and solar photovoltaic generation N. López-Franca et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.124903
- Energy production and inter-farm wake losses in future North Sea wind farms R. Borgers et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/add8a2
- A Meso-Microscale Coupled Wind Farm Parameterization B. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-025-00928-7
- The impact of future UK offshore wind farm distribution and climate change on generation performance and variability J. Giddings et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad489b
- Offshore wind-to-green hydrogen: a comprehensive review on current challenges, techno-economic analyses, environmental implications, and potential risks M. Mudhafar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.107631
- LiSBOA: Enhancing LiDAR-Based Wind Turbine Wake and Turbulence Characterization in Complex Terrain A. Azzahrani https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2025.067398
- Differences in cluster and internal wake effects from mesoscale and large-eddy simulations off the US East Coast M. Sanchez-Gomez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2009-2026
- Wind-farm wake recovery mechanisms in conventionally neutral boundary layers L. Lanzilao & J. Meyers https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2025.10320
- Uncertainty in North Sea offshore wind power: contributions of reanalysis forcing, turbine type, and wake parameterization A. Elizalde et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1077-2026
- System impacts of wind energy developments: Key research challenges and opportunities R. McKenna et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.11.016
- Towards a regional wind farm planning approach: The Wakeness Index N. Alonso-De-Linaje et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012050
- A weather-driven surrogate model for mesoscale wake reconstruction in long-term time series N. Alonso-de-Linaje et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032078
12 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Offshore wind energy in the Iberian Peninsula: A comparative analysis of availability, persistence, and complementarity with onshore wind and solar photovoltaic generation N. López-Franca et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.124903
- Energy production and inter-farm wake losses in future North Sea wind farms R. Borgers et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/add8a2
- A Meso-Microscale Coupled Wind Farm Parameterization B. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-025-00928-7
- The impact of future UK offshore wind farm distribution and climate change on generation performance and variability J. Giddings et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad489b
- Offshore wind-to-green hydrogen: a comprehensive review on current challenges, techno-economic analyses, environmental implications, and potential risks M. Mudhafar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.107631
- LiSBOA: Enhancing LiDAR-Based Wind Turbine Wake and Turbulence Characterization in Complex Terrain A. Azzahrani https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2025.067398
- Differences in cluster and internal wake effects from mesoscale and large-eddy simulations off the US East Coast M. Sanchez-Gomez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2009-2026
- Wind-farm wake recovery mechanisms in conventionally neutral boundary layers L. Lanzilao & J. Meyers https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2025.10320
- Uncertainty in North Sea offshore wind power: contributions of reanalysis forcing, turbine type, and wake parameterization A. Elizalde et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1077-2026
- System impacts of wind energy developments: Key research challenges and opportunities R. McKenna et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.11.016
- Towards a regional wind farm planning approach: The Wakeness Index N. Alonso-De-Linaje et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012050
- A weather-driven surrogate model for mesoscale wake reconstruction in long-term time series N. Alonso-de-Linaje et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032078
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 15 Jun 2026
Short summary
Wind farms at sea are becoming more densely clustered, which means that next to individual wind turbines interfering with each other in a single wind farm also interference between wind farms becomes important. Using a climate model, this study shows that the efficiency of wind farm clusters and the interference between the wind farms in the cluster depend strongly on the properties of the individual wind farms and are also highly sensitive to the spacing between the wind farms.
Wind farms at sea are becoming more densely clustered, which means that next to individual wind...
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