Articles | Volume 10, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
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the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Commentaries and perspectives
| 
02 Jan 2025
Commentaries and perspectives |
| 02 Jan 2025
| 02 Jan 2025
Functional specifications and testing requirements for grid-forming offshore wind power plants
Sulav Ghimire
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S, 7330 Brande, Denmark
Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Gabriel Miguel Gomes Guerreiro
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S, 7330 Brande, Denmark
Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S, 7330 Brande, Denmark
Emerson David Guest
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S, 7330 Brande, Denmark
Kim Høj Jensen
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S, 7330 Brande, Denmark
Guangya Yang
Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Xiongfei Wang
Division of Electric Power and Energy Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Related authors
Sulav Ghimire, Gabriele Amico, Kanakesh VattaKkuni, Kim H. Jensen, and Guangya Yang
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-18, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
This work provides a method to enable the stable operation of multiple grid-forming (GFM) offshore wind power plants (OF-WPPs) from different wind turbine vendors connected to the same (or electrically close) grid interconnection point. The results show that this method enhances small-signal and transient stability. The research enables the interoperability of independently designed GFM OF-WPPs supplied by different manufacturers.
Sulav Ghimire, Gabriele Amico, Kanakesh VattaKkuni, Kim H. Jensen, and Guangya Yang
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-18, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
This work provides a method to enable the stable operation of multiple grid-forming (GFM) offshore wind power plants (OF-WPPs) from different wind turbine vendors connected to the same (or electrically close) grid interconnection point. The results show that this method enhances small-signal and transient stability. The research enables the interoperability of independently designed GFM OF-WPPs supplied by different manufacturers.
Mark O'Malley, Hannele Holttinen, Nicolaos Cutululis, Til Kristian Vrana, Jennifer King, Vahan Gevorgian, Xiongfei Wang, Fatemeh Rajaei-Najafabadi, and Andreas Hadjileonidas
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 2087–2112, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rising share of wind power poses challenges to cost-effective integration while ensuring reliability. Balancing the needs of the power system and contributions of wind power is crucial for long-term value. Research should prioritize wind power advantages over competitors, focussing on internal challenges. Collaboration with other technologies is essential for addressing the fundamental objectives of power systems – maintaining reliable supply–demand balance at the lowest cost.
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Short summary
This paper reviews the technical behaviour defined for a specific control method, grid-forming control, used in inverter-integrated power generation sources such as wind power plants, solar power plants, and battery energy storage systems. Considering the growing trend of offshore wind power plants, the paper adapts the behaviours into offshore wind power applications; re-classifies them into mandatory, optional, and advanced categories; and provides testing methods to assess these behaviours.
This paper reviews the technical behaviour defined for a specific control method, grid-forming...
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