Wind Energy Science
Wind Energy Science
WES
Articles | Volume 10, issue 1
Articles | Volume 10, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 10, issue 1
Commentaries and perspectives
 | 
02 Jan 2025
Commentaries and perspectives |  | 02 Jan 2025

Functional specifications and testing requirements for grid-forming offshore wind power plants

Sulav Ghimire, Gabriel Miguel Gomes Guerreiro, Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni, Emerson David Guest, Kim Høj Jensen, Guangya Yang, and Xiongfei Wang

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Revised manuscript accepted for WES
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Cited articles

AEMO: Voluntary Specification for Grid-forming Inverters, Australian Energy Market Operator, https://aemo.com.au/-/ media/files/initiatives/primary-frequency-response/2023/ gfm-voluntary-spec.pdf?la=en&hash= F8D999025BBC565E86F3B0E19E40A08E (last access: May 2024), 2023. a, b
AEMO: Voluntary Specification for Grid-forming Inverters: Core Requirements Test Framework, https://aemo.com.au/-/media/files/initiatives/engineering-framework/2023/grid-forming-inverters-jan-2024.pdf?la=en (last access: October 2024), 2024. a
Aljarrah, R., Fawaz, B. B., Salem, Q., Karimi, M., Marzooghi, H., and Azizipanah-Abarghooee, R.: Issues and Challenges of Grid-Following Converters Interfacing Renewable Energy Sources in Low Inertia Systems: A Review, IEEE Access, 12, 5534–5561, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3349630, 2024. a
Barthelmie, R. J. and Pryor, S. C.: Climate Change Mitigation Potential of Wind Energy, Climate, 9, 136, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9090136, 2021. a
Curran, O., Guerreiro, G. M. G., Azarian, S., Martin, F., and Dreyer, T.: WTG Manufacturer's Experience with Subsystem and Component Validation for Wind Turbines, 21st Wind & Solar Integration Conference, October 2022, The Hague, the Netherlands – IET Conference Proceedings, 458–465, https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/icp.2022.2812 (last access: May 2024), 2022. a
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This paper reviews the technical behaviour defined for a specific control method, grid-forming control, used in inverter-integrated power generation sources such as wind power plants, solar power plants, and battery energy storage systems. Considering the growing trend of offshore wind power plants, the paper adapts the behaviours into offshore wind power applications; re-classifies them into mandatory, optional, and advanced categories; and provides testing methods to assess these behaviours.
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Electro-mechanical interactions in wind turbines
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