Articles | Volume 10, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1101-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1101-2025
Research article
 | 
12 Jun 2025
Research article |  | 12 Jun 2025

Swell impacts on an offshore wind farm in stable boundary layer: wake flow and energy budget analysis

Xu Ning and Mostafa Bakhoday-Paskyabi

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This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
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Cited articles

Aiyer, A. K., Deike, L., and Mueller, M. E.: A sea surface–based drag model for large-eddy simulation of wind–wave interaction, J. Atmos. Sci., 80, 49–62, 2023. a
Aiyer, A. K., Deike, L., and Mueller, M. E.: A dynamic wall modeling approach for large eddy simulation of offshore wind farms in realistic oceanic conditions, J. Renew. Sustain. Ener., 16, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0159019, 2024. a
Allaerts, D. and Meyers, J.: Boundary-layer development and gravity waves in conventionally neutral wind farms, J. Fluid Mech., 814, 95–130, 2017. a, b
Allaerts, D. and Meyers, J.: Gravity waves and wind-farm efficiency in neutral and stable conditions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 166, 269–299, 2018. a
Antonini, E. G. and Caldeira, K.: Atmospheric pressure gradients and Coriolis forces provide geophysical limits to power density of large wind farms, Appl. Energ., 281, 116048, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116048, 2021. a
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Waves interact with the overlying wind field by modifying the stresses at the atmosphere–ocean interface. We develop and employ a parameterization method of wave-induced stresses in the numerical simulation of an offshore wind farm in a stable atmospheric boundary layer. This work demonstrates how swells change the kinetic energy transport and induce wind veer and wake deflection, leading to significant variations in the power output of wind turbines at different positions of the wind farm.
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