Articles | Volume 11, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1097-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1097-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Apr 2026
Research article |
| 02 Apr 2026
| 02 Apr 2026
Translational dynamics of bridled kites: a reduced-order model in the course reference frame
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands
Vince van Deursen
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands
Roland Schmehl
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS Delft, Netherlands
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Soft inflatable kites are promising tools for renewable applications, but their unusual shape makes them difficult to analyse with conventional aerodynamic methods. A fast, accurate computer model is presented based on detailed airflow simulations and wind-tunnel measurements. Aerodynamic forces are predicted within about 10 % of experimental values while requiring far less computing time. It also helps designers balance efficiency and stability, enabling faster, more reliable kite development.
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This study demonstrates how kites used to generate wind energy can act as sensors to measure wind conditions and system behaviour. By combining data from existing sensors, such as those measuring position, speed, and forces on the tether, a sensor fusion technique accurately estimates wind conditions and kite performance. This approach can be integrated into control systems to help optimize energy generation and enhance the reliability of these systems under changing wind conditions.
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We tested a small model of an energy-generating kite in a wind tunnel to study its aerodynamic behaviour. By comparing measurements to computer simulations, we validated the models and identified where they match the real performance and where they fall short. These insights will guide more accurate aerodynamic modelling and inform design choices for kites used in airborne wind energy systems.
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We studied how air flows around a rigid scale model of a soft kite wing used for harvesting airborne wind energy and wind-assisted ship propulsion. Using a wind tunnel and a laser-based imaging method, we measured the airflow at different angles to compare with computer simulations. Results confirm key aerodynamic trends such as stall onset and spanwise lift variation, and highlight the influence of struts and recirculation zones on kite aerodynamics.
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We present a novel two-point model of a kite with a suspended control unit to describe the characteristic swinging motion of this assembly during turning manoeuvres. Quasi-steady and dynamic model variants are combined with a discretised tether model, and simulation results are compared with measurement data of an instrumented kite system. By resolving the pitch of the kite, the model allows for computing the angle of attack, which is essential for estimating the generated aerodynamic forces.
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Short summary
Kites can generate renewable energy by flying crosswind, but their motion is difficult to describe accurately and efficiently. This study develops a simplified model that captures how kites move through the air using a reduced number of parameters. The model was validated with flight data and provides a clearer understanding of kite motion, supporting the design of improved control strategies and energy generation.
Kites can generate renewable energy by flying crosswind, but their motion is difficult to...
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