Wind Energy Science
Wind Energy Science
WES
Articles | Volume 11, issue 2
Articles | Volume 11, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-349-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-349-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 11, issue 2
Research article
 | 
05 Feb 2026
Research article |  | 05 Feb 2026

Optimizing the operation of energy islands with predictive nonlinear programming – a case study based on the Princess Elisabeth Energy Island

Mario Useche-Arteaga, Pieter Gebraad, Vinicius Lacerda, Marc Cheah-Mane, and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

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Short summary
This paper develops a nonlinear optimization framework to operate offshore energy islands with hybrid AC/DC grids, energy storage, and hydrogen production. Using realistic wind forecasts, uncertainty analysis and a detailed model inspired by the Princess Elisabeth Energy Island, the results show how the proposed approach can efficiently coordinate power flows and energy conversion systems, supporting the reliable and flexible integration of offshore wind energy.
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