Articles | Volume 11, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-349-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-349-2026
Research article
 | 
05 Feb 2026
Research article |  | 05 Feb 2026

Optimizing the operation of energy islands with predictive nonlinear programming – a case study based on the Princess Elisabeth Energy Island

Mario Useche-Arteaga, Pieter Gebraad, Vinicius Lacerda, Marc Cheah-Mane, and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

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Cited articles

Ansari, J. A., Liu, C., and Khan, S. A.: MMC Based MTDC Grids: A Detailed Review on Issues and Challenges for Operation, Control and Protection Schemes, IEEE Access, 8, 168154–168165, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3023544, 2020. a
Arteaga, M. U., Lacerda, V. A., Bellmunt, O. G., and Mañe, M. C.: Taking advantage of PV systems for multi-period optimal reactive power dispatch: A Convex Optimization Approach, in: 2023 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE), 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE56780.2023.10408242, 2023. a
Bynum, M. L., Hackebeil, G. A., Hart, W. E., Laird, C. D., Nicholson, B. L., Siirola, J. D., Watson, J.-P., and Woodruff, D. L.: Pyomo – Optimization Modeling in Python, 3rd edn., Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68928-5, 2021. a
Cao, J. and Yan, Z.: AC/DC optimal power flow problem considering wind farm integration, in: 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741125, 2016. a
Dozein, M. G., De Corato, A. M., and Mancarella, P.: Virtual Inertia Response and Frequency Control Ancillary Services From Hydrogen Electrolyzers, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 38, 2447–2459, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2022.3181853, 2023. a
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This paper develops a nonlinear optimization framework to operate offshore energy islands with hybrid AC/DC grids, energy storage, and hydrogen production. Using realistic wind forecasts, uncertainty analysis and a detailed model inspired by the Princess Elisabeth Energy Island, the results show how the proposed approach can efficiently coordinate power flows and energy conversion systems, supporting the reliable and flexible integration of offshore wind energy.
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