Articles | Volume 11, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-349-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-349-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Optimizing the operation of energy islands with predictive nonlinear programming – a case study based on the Princess Elisabeth Energy Island
Mario Useche-Arteaga
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Youwind, Barcelona, Spain
Centre d'Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments, Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Pieter Gebraad
Youwind, Barcelona, Spain
Vinicius Lacerda
Centre d'Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments, Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Marc Cheah-Mane
Centre d'Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments, Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
Centre d'Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments, Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Bernardo Castro Valerio, Pieter M. O. Gebraad, Marc Cheah-Mane, Vinicius A. Lacerda, and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2026-53, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2026-53, 2026
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Designing inter-array cable networks is a key challenge in wind farm development. This work proposes a methodology that combines graph-based routing with mixed-integer optimisation to determine cable layouts and conductor sizes while accounting for spatial constraints and electrical limits. Two strategies are investigated: an integrated optimisation and a sequential approach. The method is tested on layouts from existing offshore and onshore wind farms.
Matteo Baricchio, Daan van der Hoek, Tim Dammann, Pieter M. O. Gebraad, Jenna Iori, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-265, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-265, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Wind farm flow control mitigates wake effects within a wind farm by adjusting the turbine settings to improve the overall farm performance. This study quantifies the value of a combined strategy, in which each turbine can apply wake steering or the active wake mixing method known as the helix. The proposed method is simulated for a large-scale wind farm, for which such combined strategy provides higher gains in annual energy production compared to the individual techniques.
Matteo Baricchio, Pieter M. O. Gebraad, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 2113–2132, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wake steering can be integrated into wind farm layout optimization through a co-design approach. This study estimates the potential of this method for a wide range of realistic conditions, adopting a tailored genetic algorithm and novel geometric yaw relations. A gain in the annual energy yield between 0.3 % and 0.4 % is obtained for a 16-tubrine farm, and a multi-objective implementation is used to limit loss in the case that wake steering is not used during farm operation.
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Short summary
This paper develops a nonlinear optimization framework to operate offshore energy islands with hybrid AC/DC grids, energy storage, and hydrogen production. Using realistic wind forecasts, uncertainty analysis and a detailed model inspired by the Princess Elisabeth Energy Island, the results show how the proposed approach can efficiently coordinate power flows and energy conversion systems, supporting the reliable and flexible integration of offshore wind energy.
This paper develops a nonlinear optimization framework to operate offshore energy islands with...
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