Articles | Volume 5, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1297-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1297-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Oct 2020
Research article |
| 12 Oct 2020
| 12 Oct 2020
Grid-forming control strategies for black start by offshore wind power plants
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Jayachandra N. Sakamuri
Vattenfall A/S, 6000 Kolding, Denmark
Nicolaos A. Cutululis
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Cited
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Grid Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications D. Rathnayake et al. 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3104617
- System Control Strategies for Renewable Energy-Integrating Grids via Voltage Source Converter-Based High-Voltage Direct Current Technology G. Pan et al. 10.3390/act13120505
- Analysis of non-uniform grid-forming control techniques for the HVDC connection of renewable energy A. Beneit-Barajas et al. 10.1016/j.matcom.2024.09.014
- Fault ride through capability of grid forming wind turbines: A comparison of three control schemes A. Arasteh et al. 10.1049/rpg2.12464
- Wind farm flow control oriented to electricity markets and grid integration: Initial perspective analysis I. Eguinoa et al. 10.1002/adc2.80
- Survey of Power System Restoration Documents Issued from 2016 to 2021 H. Khoshkhoo et al. 10.1155/2022/1754013
- Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Energy: A Review on Fault Ride Through Techniques for MMC-HVDC Systems D. Kumar et al. 10.3390/en17215308
- Residual-Based Detection of Attacks in Cyber-Physical Inverter-Based Microgrids A. Intriago et al. 10.1109/TPWRS.2023.3286019
- Advanced Local Grid Control System for Offshore Wind Turbines with the Diode-Based Rectifier HVDC Link Implemented in a True Scalable Test Bench D. Herrera et al. 10.3390/en15165826
- Converter Applications for Offshore Network Integrating Wind Energy M. Raza et al. 10.1007/s40998-022-00496-3
- A comprehensive review of grid support services from solar photovoltaic power plants S. Maity et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115133
- Black-Start Capability of DFIG Wind Turbines Through a Grid-Forming Control Based on the Rotor Flux Orientation J. Rodriguez-Amenedo et al. 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3120478
- Grid-Forming Converter and Stability Aspects of Renewable-Based Low-Inertia Power Networks: Modern Trends and Challenges S. Alshahrani et al. 10.1007/s13369-023-08399-z
- A review of restoration experience from historical blackouts and a decision support framework for parallel restoration with a case study H. De Silva et al. 10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111933
- Virtual Resistance Control for Sequential Green-Start of Offshore Wind Power Plants A. Jain et al. 10.1109/TSTE.2022.3159620
- Fault Handling Capabilities of Grid-Forming Wind Turbines in Offshore Wind Farms Connected With MMC HVDC System M. Raza et al. 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3373478
- Offshore Wind Farm Black Start Service Integration: Review and Outlook of Ongoing Research D. Pagnani et al. 10.3390/en13236286
- Grid-Forming: A Control Approach to Go Further Offshore? R. Alves et al. 10.3390/electricity6010004
- Energy storage systems for services provision in offshore wind farms A. Rabanal et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114573
- Optimizing intelligent startup strategy of power system using PPO algorithm Y. Sun et al. 10.3233/IDT-240122
- Evaluation of different power tracking operating strategies considering turbine loading and power dynamics F. Pöschke & H. Schulte 10.5194/wes-7-1593-2022
- Black start from renewable energy resources: Review and a case study of Great Britain Z. Pan et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115143
- Insights on Blackstart Provisioning Using a Synchronous Generator and Grid-Forming Inverter Using EMT Simulations H. Karimjee et al. 10.3390/en17164067
- Building 100 % inverter-based distributed restart zone to assist system restoration Y. Kuo et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114872
- Control of a 15MW off-shore wind turbine for black-start operation G. Navarro-Martínez et al. 10.1016/j.matcom.2024.09.013
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Grid Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications D. Rathnayake et al. 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3104617
- System Control Strategies for Renewable Energy-Integrating Grids via Voltage Source Converter-Based High-Voltage Direct Current Technology G. Pan et al. 10.3390/act13120505
- Analysis of non-uniform grid-forming control techniques for the HVDC connection of renewable energy A. Beneit-Barajas et al. 10.1016/j.matcom.2024.09.014
- Fault ride through capability of grid forming wind turbines: A comparison of three control schemes A. Arasteh et al. 10.1049/rpg2.12464
- Wind farm flow control oriented to electricity markets and grid integration: Initial perspective analysis I. Eguinoa et al. 10.1002/adc2.80
- Survey of Power System Restoration Documents Issued from 2016 to 2021 H. Khoshkhoo et al. 10.1155/2022/1754013
- Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Energy: A Review on Fault Ride Through Techniques for MMC-HVDC Systems D. Kumar et al. 10.3390/en17215308
- Residual-Based Detection of Attacks in Cyber-Physical Inverter-Based Microgrids A. Intriago et al. 10.1109/TPWRS.2023.3286019
- Advanced Local Grid Control System for Offshore Wind Turbines with the Diode-Based Rectifier HVDC Link Implemented in a True Scalable Test Bench D. Herrera et al. 10.3390/en15165826
- Converter Applications for Offshore Network Integrating Wind Energy M. Raza et al. 10.1007/s40998-022-00496-3
- A comprehensive review of grid support services from solar photovoltaic power plants S. Maity et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115133
- Black-Start Capability of DFIG Wind Turbines Through a Grid-Forming Control Based on the Rotor Flux Orientation J. Rodriguez-Amenedo et al. 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3120478
- Grid-Forming Converter and Stability Aspects of Renewable-Based Low-Inertia Power Networks: Modern Trends and Challenges S. Alshahrani et al. 10.1007/s13369-023-08399-z
- A review of restoration experience from historical blackouts and a decision support framework for parallel restoration with a case study H. De Silva et al. 10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111933
- Virtual Resistance Control for Sequential Green-Start of Offshore Wind Power Plants A. Jain et al. 10.1109/TSTE.2022.3159620
- Fault Handling Capabilities of Grid-Forming Wind Turbines in Offshore Wind Farms Connected With MMC HVDC System M. Raza et al. 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3373478
- Offshore Wind Farm Black Start Service Integration: Review and Outlook of Ongoing Research D. Pagnani et al. 10.3390/en13236286
- Grid-Forming: A Control Approach to Go Further Offshore? R. Alves et al. 10.3390/electricity6010004
- Energy storage systems for services provision in offshore wind farms A. Rabanal et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114573
- Optimizing intelligent startup strategy of power system using PPO algorithm Y. Sun et al. 10.3233/IDT-240122
- Evaluation of different power tracking operating strategies considering turbine loading and power dynamics F. Pöschke & H. Schulte 10.5194/wes-7-1593-2022
- Black start from renewable energy resources: Review and a case study of Great Britain Z. Pan et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115143
- Insights on Blackstart Provisioning Using a Synchronous Generator and Grid-Forming Inverter Using EMT Simulations H. Karimjee et al. 10.3390/en17164067
- Building 100 % inverter-based distributed restart zone to assist system restoration Y. Kuo et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114872
- Control of a 15MW off-shore wind turbine for black-start operation G. Navarro-Martínez et al. 10.1016/j.matcom.2024.09.013
Latest update: 30 Jun 2025
Short summary
This paper provides an understanding of grid-forming control of wind turbines that can enable their black-start and islanding functionalities. Four control strategies have been tested with the aim to compare their capability to deal with the energization transients of an HVDC-connected offshore wind power plant, while maintaining stable offshore voltage and frequency. This is a step forward in overcoming wind turbine control challenges to provide black-start/restoration ancillary services.
This paper provides an understanding of grid-forming control of wind turbines that can enable...
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