Articles | Volume 5, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1297-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1297-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Oct 2020
Research article |
| 12 Oct 2020
| 12 Oct 2020
Grid-forming control strategies for black start by offshore wind power plants
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Jayachandra N. Sakamuri
Vattenfall A/S, 6000 Kolding, Denmark
Nicolaos A. Cutululis
DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Total article views: 6,854 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 6,601 with geography defined
and 253 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,939 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,758 with geography defined
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Cited
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Dynamic Performance and Power Quality of Large-Scale Wind Power Plants: A Review on Challenges, Evolving Grid Code, and Proposed Solutions M. Ullah et al.
- Grid Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications D. Rathnayake et al.
- System Control Strategies for Renewable Energy-Integrating Grids via Voltage Source Converter-Based High-Voltage Direct Current Technology G. Pan et al.
- Analysis of non-uniform grid-forming control techniques for the HVDC connection of renewable energy A. Beneit-Barajas et al.
- Fault ride through capability of grid forming wind turbines: A comparison of three control schemes A. Arasteh et al.
- Wind farm flow control oriented to electricity markets and grid integration: Initial perspective analysis I. Eguinoa et al.
- Survey of Power System Restoration Documents Issued from 2016 to 2021 H. Khoshkhoo et al.
- Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Energy: A Review on Fault Ride Through Techniques for MMC-HVDC Systems D. Kumar et al.
- Grid forming converter sizing strategies for black start operation in islanded offshore wind farms P. Prakash et al.
- Residual-Based Detection of Attacks in Cyber-Physical Inverter-Based Microgrids A. Intriago et al.
- Advanced Local Grid Control System for Offshore Wind Turbines with the Diode-Based Rectifier HVDC Link Implemented in a True Scalable Test Bench D. Herrera et al.
- Converter Applications for Offshore Network Integrating Wind Energy M. Raza et al.
- A comprehensive review of grid support services from solar photovoltaic power plants S. Maity et al.
- Black-Start Capability of DFIG Wind Turbines Through a Grid-Forming Control Based on the Rotor Flux Orientation J. Rodriguez-Amenedo et al.
- Grid-Forming Converter and Stability Aspects of Renewable-Based Low-Inertia Power Networks: Modern Trends and Challenges S. Alshahrani et al.
- A review of restoration experience from historical blackouts and a decision support framework for parallel restoration with a case study H. De Silva et al.
- Virtual Resistance Control for Sequential Green-Start of Offshore Wind Power Plants A. Jain et al.
- Control Strategies for Start-Up and AC Fault Ride-Through in DRU–MMC Hybrid HVDC Offshore Transmission System X. Ma et al.
- Research on Black-Start Control Methodologies for DC Collection Wind Farms K. Hong et al.
- Fault Handling Capabilities of Grid-Forming Wind Turbines in Offshore Wind Farms Connected With MMC HVDC System M. Raza et al.
- Offshore Wind Farm Black Start Service Integration: Review and Outlook of Ongoing Research D. Pagnani et al.
- The Dual Role of Grid-Forming Inverters: Power Electronics Innovations and Power System Stability M. Alharbi
- Grid-Forming: A Control Approach to Go Further Offshore? R. Alves et al.
- Energy storage systems for services provision in offshore wind farms A. Rabanal et al.
- Optimizing intelligent startup strategy of power system using PPO algorithm Y. Sun et al.
- Dynamic Issues in Power System Restoration With Synchronous Generators and Grid-Forming Inverters M. Alizadeh & W. Sun
- Enhanced Damping Method for Suppressing Sub-Synchronous Oscillations of Grid-Forming Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator H. Li et al.
- Evaluation of different power tracking operating strategies considering turbine loading and power dynamics F. Pöschke & H. Schulte
- Black start from renewable energy resources: Review and a case study of Great Britain Z. Pan et al.
- Coordinated Control of Grid-Forming Wind Turbines and Grid-Forming Energy Storage Systems for Power System Restoration Y. Zhang et al.
- Insights on Blackstart Provisioning Using a Synchronous Generator and Grid-Forming Inverter Using EMT Simulations H. Karimjee et al.
- Building 100 % inverter-based distributed restart zone to assist system restoration Y. Kuo et al.
- Control of a 15MW off-shore wind turbine for black-start operation G. Navarro-Martínez et al.
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Dynamic Performance and Power Quality of Large-Scale Wind Power Plants: A Review on Challenges, Evolving Grid Code, and Proposed Solutions M. Ullah et al.
- Grid Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications D. Rathnayake et al.
- System Control Strategies for Renewable Energy-Integrating Grids via Voltage Source Converter-Based High-Voltage Direct Current Technology G. Pan et al.
- Analysis of non-uniform grid-forming control techniques for the HVDC connection of renewable energy A. Beneit-Barajas et al.
- Fault ride through capability of grid forming wind turbines: A comparison of three control schemes A. Arasteh et al.
- Wind farm flow control oriented to electricity markets and grid integration: Initial perspective analysis I. Eguinoa et al.
- Survey of Power System Restoration Documents Issued from 2016 to 2021 H. Khoshkhoo et al.
- Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Energy: A Review on Fault Ride Through Techniques for MMC-HVDC Systems D. Kumar et al.
- Grid forming converter sizing strategies for black start operation in islanded offshore wind farms P. Prakash et al.
- Residual-Based Detection of Attacks in Cyber-Physical Inverter-Based Microgrids A. Intriago et al.
- Advanced Local Grid Control System for Offshore Wind Turbines with the Diode-Based Rectifier HVDC Link Implemented in a True Scalable Test Bench D. Herrera et al.
- Converter Applications for Offshore Network Integrating Wind Energy M. Raza et al.
- A comprehensive review of grid support services from solar photovoltaic power plants S. Maity et al.
- Black-Start Capability of DFIG Wind Turbines Through a Grid-Forming Control Based on the Rotor Flux Orientation J. Rodriguez-Amenedo et al.
- Grid-Forming Converter and Stability Aspects of Renewable-Based Low-Inertia Power Networks: Modern Trends and Challenges S. Alshahrani et al.
- A review of restoration experience from historical blackouts and a decision support framework for parallel restoration with a case study H. De Silva et al.
- Virtual Resistance Control for Sequential Green-Start of Offshore Wind Power Plants A. Jain et al.
- Control Strategies for Start-Up and AC Fault Ride-Through in DRU–MMC Hybrid HVDC Offshore Transmission System X. Ma et al.
- Research on Black-Start Control Methodologies for DC Collection Wind Farms K. Hong et al.
- Fault Handling Capabilities of Grid-Forming Wind Turbines in Offshore Wind Farms Connected With MMC HVDC System M. Raza et al.
- Offshore Wind Farm Black Start Service Integration: Review and Outlook of Ongoing Research D. Pagnani et al.
- The Dual Role of Grid-Forming Inverters: Power Electronics Innovations and Power System Stability M. Alharbi
- Grid-Forming: A Control Approach to Go Further Offshore? R. Alves et al.
- Energy storage systems for services provision in offshore wind farms A. Rabanal et al.
- Optimizing intelligent startup strategy of power system using PPO algorithm Y. Sun et al.
- Dynamic Issues in Power System Restoration With Synchronous Generators and Grid-Forming Inverters M. Alizadeh & W. Sun
- Enhanced Damping Method for Suppressing Sub-Synchronous Oscillations of Grid-Forming Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator H. Li et al.
- Evaluation of different power tracking operating strategies considering turbine loading and power dynamics F. Pöschke & H. Schulte
- Black start from renewable energy resources: Review and a case study of Great Britain Z. Pan et al.
- Coordinated Control of Grid-Forming Wind Turbines and Grid-Forming Energy Storage Systems for Power System Restoration Y. Zhang et al.
- Insights on Blackstart Provisioning Using a Synchronous Generator and Grid-Forming Inverter Using EMT Simulations H. Karimjee et al.
- Building 100 % inverter-based distributed restart zone to assist system restoration Y. Kuo et al.
- Control of a 15MW off-shore wind turbine for black-start operation G. Navarro-Martínez et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 30 Apr 2026
Short summary
This paper provides an understanding of grid-forming control of wind turbines that can enable their black-start and islanding functionalities. Four control strategies have been tested with the aim to compare their capability to deal with the energization transients of an HVDC-connected offshore wind power plant, while maintaining stable offshore voltage and frequency. This is a step forward in overcoming wind turbine control challenges to provide black-start/restoration ancillary services.
This paper provides an understanding of grid-forming control of wind turbines that can enable...
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