Articles | Volume 5, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-29-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-29-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Jan 2020
Research article |
| 03 Jan 2020
| 03 Jan 2020
Cluster wakes impact on a far-distant offshore wind farm's power
ForWind, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Küpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Andreas Rott
ForWind, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Küpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Martin Dörenkämper
Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems, Küpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Gerald Steinfeld
ForWind, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Küpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Martin Kühn
ForWind, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Küpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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- Impact of offshore wind farms on a tropical depression through the amplification effect by the downstream mountainous terrain S. Deng et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107047
- Wind plant wake losses: Disconnect between turbine actuation and control of plant wakes with engineering wake models R. Scott et al. 10.1063/5.0207013
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- In situ airborne measurements of atmospheric parameters and airborne sea surface properties related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight during the project X-Wakes A. Lampert et al. 10.5194/essd-16-4777-2024
- Modelling cluster wakes and wind farm blockage N. Nygaard et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/1618/6/062072
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- The Current Configuration of the OSTIA System for Operational Production of Foundation Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Concentration Analyses S. Good et al. 10.3390/rs12040720
- Wake impact of constructing a new offshore wind farm zone on an existing downwind cluster: a case study of the Belgian Princess Elisabeth zone using FLORIS W. Munters et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022049
- Farm to farm wake interaction in WRF: impact on power production M. Mayol et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/1934/1/012017
- From single turbine to wind farm wake: a wind tunnel study T. Messmer et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012009
- Evaluation of Engineering Models for Large‐Scale Cluster Wakes With the Help of In Situ Airborne Measurements K. zum Berge et al. 10.1002/we.2942
- The effects of wind farm wakes on freezing sea spray in the mid-Atlantic offshore wind energy areas D. Rosencrans et al. 10.5194/wes-10-59-2025
- A review of wind turbines in complex terrain M. Elgendi et al. 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100289
- Detecting offshore wind farm-induced wind wake signatures on sea surface using MODIS data W. Yu et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1465634
- An improved analytical framework for flow prediction inside and downstream of wind farms M. Souaiby & F. Porté-Agel 10.1016/j.renene.2024.120251
65 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Comparison of near wind farm wake measurements from scanning lidar with engineering models A. Anantharaman et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022034
- Alignment calibration and correction for offshore wind measurements using scanning lidars K. Gramitzky et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/4/042014
- TOSCA – an open-source, finite-volume, large-eddy simulation (LES) environment for wind farm flows S. Stipa et al. 10.5194/wes-9-297-2024
- Spatial constraints in large-scale expansion of wind power plants E. Antonini & K. Caldeira 10.1073/pnas.2103875118
- Data-driven fluid mechanics of wind farms: A review N. Zehtabiyan-Rezaie et al. 10.1063/5.0091980
- Mesoscale modelling of North Sea wind resources with COSMO-CLM: model evaluation and impact assessment of future wind farm characteristics on cluster-scale wake losses R. Borgers et al. 10.5194/wes-9-697-2024
- Offshore wind farm global blockage measured with scanning lidar J. Schneemann et al. 10.5194/wes-6-521-2021
- In situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight A. Lampert et al. 10.5194/essd-12-935-2020
- Benchmarking Engineering Wake Models for Assessing Wind Farm Wakes Interaction R. Rodrigues & A. Moura 10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012045
- Impact of offshore wind farms on a tropical depression through the amplification effect by the downstream mountainous terrain S. Deng et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107047
- Wind plant wake losses: Disconnect between turbine actuation and control of plant wakes with engineering wake models R. Scott et al. 10.1063/5.0207013
- Comparison of line-of-sight wind speed measurements from an X-band radar and a long-range scanning lidar L. Hung et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/4/042030
- Fit-for-Purpose Information for Offshore Wind Farming Applications—Part-II: Gap Analysis and Recommendations J. Schulz-Stellenfleth et al. 10.3390/jmse11091817
- Numerical modelling of offshore wind-farm cluster wakes P. Ouro et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115526
- A One‐Year‐Long Evaluation of a Wind‐Farm Parameterization in HARMONIE‐AROME B. van Stratum et al. 10.1029/2021MS002947
- Wake effect impact on the levelized cost of energy in large floating offshore wind farms: A case of study in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula B. Thomas et al. 10.1016/j.energy.2024.132159
- An investigation of spatial wind direction variability and its consideration in engineering models A. von Brandis et al. 10.5194/wes-8-589-2023
- Wind farm flow control oriented to electricity markets and grid integration: Initial perspective analysis I. Eguinoa et al. 10.1002/adc2.80
- System impacts of wind energy developments: Key research challenges and opportunities R. McKenna et al. 10.1016/j.joule.2024.11.016
- Mapping global offshore wind wake losses, layout optimisation potential, and climate change effects S. Warder & M. Piggott 10.1016/j.energy.2025.136573
- Observer-based power forecast of individual and aggregated offshore wind turbines F. Theuer et al. 10.5194/wes-7-2099-2022
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- Correlations of power output fluctuations in an offshore wind farm using high-resolution SCADA data J. Seifert et al. 10.5194/wes-6-997-2021
- A coupled turbine-interaction wind farm parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model C. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116919
- Power Production, Inter- and Intra-Array Wake Losses from the U.S. East Coast Offshore Wind Energy Lease Areas S. Pryor & R. Barthelmie 10.3390/en17051063
- Wind Farm Wakes from SAR and Doppler Radar T. Ahsbahs et al. 10.3390/rs12030462
- Minute-scale power forecast of offshore wind turbines using long-range single-Doppler lidar measurements F. Theuer et al. 10.5194/wes-5-1449-2020
- Wind Farm Wakes and Farm-to-Farm Interactions: Lidar and Wind Tunnel Tests W. Ahmed et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092105
- Observations of wind farm wake recovery at an operating wind farm R. Krishnamurthy et al. 10.5194/wes-10-361-2025
- Gone with the wind? Wind farm-induced wakes and regulatory gaps E. Finserås et al. 10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105897
- Parametric Analysis of Inter-Farm Wake Interactions in Offshore Wind Farm Projects Along the US East Coast A. Moura & R. Rodrigues 10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012049
- Wind power production from very large offshore wind farms S. Pryor et al. 10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.002
- Seasonal variability of wake impacts on US mid-Atlantic offshore wind plant power production D. Rosencrans et al. 10.5194/wes-9-555-2024
- In situ airborne measurements of atmospheric parameters and airborne sea surface properties related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight during the project X-Wakes A. Lampert et al. 10.5194/essd-16-4777-2024
- Modelling cluster wakes and wind farm blockage N. Nygaard et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/1618/6/062072
- Evaluating wind farm wakes in large eddy simulations and engineering models A. Stieren & R. Stevens 10.1088/1742-6596/1934/1/012018
- Estimating the technical wind energy potential of Kansas that incorporates the effect of regional wind resource depletion by wind turbines J. Minz et al. 10.5194/wes-9-2147-2024
- Can mesoscale models capture the effect from cluster wakes offshore? M. Gomez et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/6/062013
- Graph network heterogeneity predicts interplant wake losses R. Scott et al. 10.1063/5.0220801
- Wind Lidar and Radiosonde Measurements of Low-Level Jets in Coastal Areas of the German Bight T. Rausch et al. 10.3390/atmos13050839
- Ranking multi-fidelity model performances in reproducing internal and external wake impacts at neighbouring offshore wind farms S. Freitas et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092045
- Measurement of flow deflection effects around an offshore wind farm caused by global blockage J. Schneemann et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012012
- Alignment of scanning lidars in offshore wind farms A. Rott et al. 10.5194/wes-7-283-2022
- Global evaluation of wave data reanalysis: Comparison of the ERA5 dataset to buoy observations V. Bessonova et al. 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104490
- Wind shadows impact planning of large offshore wind farms S. Pryor & R. Barthelmie 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122755
- The future of offshore wind power production: Wake and climate impacts S. Warder & M. Piggott 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124956
- Turbulence Optimized Park model with Gaussian wake profile J. Pedersen et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022063
- The actuator farm model for large eddy simulation (LES) of wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity waves and farm–farm interaction S. Stipa et al. 10.5194/wes-9-2301-2024
- Review of Mesoscale Wind-Farm Parametrizations and Their Applications J. Fischereit et al. 10.1007/s10546-021-00652-y
- On the effects of inter-farm interactions at the offshore wind farm Alpha Ventus V. Pettas et al. 10.5194/wes-6-1455-2021
- Offshore wind farm cluster wakes as observed by long-range-scanning wind lidar measurements and mesoscale modeling B. Cañadillas et al. 10.5194/wes-7-1241-2022
- Impact of wind farm wakes on flow structures in and around downstream wind farms A. Stieren & R. Stevens 10.1017/flo.2022.15
- Mesoscale impact of the sea surface on the performance of offshore wind farms C. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133741
- Comparing Offshore Ferry Lidar Measurements in the Southern Baltic Sea with ASCAT, FINO2 and WRF D. Hatfield et al. 10.3390/rs14061427
- Long-Distance Wind Farm Wake Modelling Using Convolutional Neural Networks F. Weilmann Rasmussen & P. Réthoré 10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012019
- Meteorological measurements affected by wind farm cluster wakes: How to deal with waked wind in AEP assessments? M. Mayol et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092051
- The Current Configuration of the OSTIA System for Operational Production of Foundation Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Concentration Analyses S. Good et al. 10.3390/rs12040720
- Wake impact of constructing a new offshore wind farm zone on an existing downwind cluster: a case study of the Belgian Princess Elisabeth zone using FLORIS W. Munters et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022049
- Farm to farm wake interaction in WRF: impact on power production M. Mayol et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/1934/1/012017
- From single turbine to wind farm wake: a wind tunnel study T. Messmer et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012009
- Evaluation of Engineering Models for Large‐Scale Cluster Wakes With the Help of In Situ Airborne Measurements K. zum Berge et al. 10.1002/we.2942
- The effects of wind farm wakes on freezing sea spray in the mid-Atlantic offshore wind energy areas D. Rosencrans et al. 10.5194/wes-10-59-2025
- A review of wind turbines in complex terrain M. Elgendi et al. 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100289
- Detecting offshore wind farm-induced wind wake signatures on sea surface using MODIS data W. Yu et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1465634
- An improved analytical framework for flow prediction inside and downstream of wind farms M. Souaiby & F. Porté-Agel 10.1016/j.renene.2024.120251
Latest update: 11 Jun 2025
Short summary
Offshore wind farm clusters cause reduced wind speeds in downstream regions which can extend over more than 50 km.
We analysed the impact of these so-called cluster wakes on a distant wind farm using remote-sensing wind measurements and power production data.
Cluster wakes caused power losses up to 55 km downstream in certain atmospheric states.
A better understanding of cluster wake effects reduces uncertainties in offshore wind resource assessment and improves offshore areal planning.
Offshore wind farm clusters cause reduced wind speeds in downstream regions which can extend...
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