Articles | Volume 5, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-839-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-839-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Jul 2020
Research article |
| 03 Jul 2020
| 03 Jul 2020
Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships – Part 1: Energy ship design and performance
Aurélien Babarit
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
LHEEA, École Centrale de Nantes – CNRS, Nantes, France
Gaël Clodic
LHEEA, École Centrale de Nantes – CNRS, Nantes, France
Simon Delvoye
LHEEA, École Centrale de Nantes – CNRS, Nantes, France
Jean-Christophe Gilloteaux
LHEEA, École Centrale de Nantes – CNRS, Nantes, France
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Cited
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Long-term changes in offshore wind power density and wind turbine capacity factor in the Iberian Peninsula (1900–2010) S. Carreno-Madinabeitia et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120364
- Waves filtering in heading controllers: impact on the power production of an energy ship G. Juin-Gauthier et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.10.096
- [Retracted] Configuration Generation Method of Ship End Program for Ship Energy Efficiency Management Platform Z. Wu & A. K K https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7742088
- Experimental proof-of-concept of an energy ship propelled by a Flettner rotor B. Elie et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042057
- Sensitivity analysis of parameters impacting the performance of an energy ship using airborne wind energy N. Frommer & P. Cheng https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/7/072018
- Investigating Alternative Application Ranges for Floating Offshore Wind M. Leimeister https://doi.org/10.3390/wind5010001
- Multi-objective optimization for an autonomous unmoored offshore wind energy system substructure A. Annan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121264
- Effect of rotor induction and peak shaving on energy performance and cost of stationary unmoored floating offshore wind turbines A. Babarit et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1439-2025
- Feasibility analysis of green hydrogen production from oceanic energy M. Pérez-Vigueras et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20046
- Ship energy efficiency and maritime decarbonization: A comprehensive review of technologies, regulations and emerging solutions C. Kaya et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/14750902261425082
- Optimal strategies of deployment of far offshore co-located wind-wave energy farms A. Saenz-Aguirre et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114914
- Comparison of optimal power production and operation of unmoored floating offshore wind turbines and energy ships P. Connolly & C. Crawford https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-725-2023
- Assessment and mitigation of the effects of waves and wind gusts on power production of an energy ship G. Juin-Gauthier et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.124133
- Analytical modelling of power production from Un-moored Floating Offshore Wind Turbines P. Connolly & C. Crawford https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111794
- Experimental and Numerical Study on the Seakeeping Performance of a Wind-Powered Generation Ship Considering Boom Configurations N. Trang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030412
- Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships – Part 2: Updated ship design and cost of energy estimate A. Babarit et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1191-2021
- Wind-assisted propulsion system for shipping decarbonization: Technologies, applications and challenges K. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.138420
- Expected annual energy production of unmoored floating offshore wind turbines using ERA5 data M. André et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/9/092003
- Wind Tunnel Experiment of Multi-Mode ARC Sail Device H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2021-0046
- Conceptual Study and Development of an Autonomously Operating, Sailing Renewable Energy Conversion System C. Rickert et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124434
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Long-term changes in offshore wind power density and wind turbine capacity factor in the Iberian Peninsula (1900–2010) S. Carreno-Madinabeitia et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120364
- Waves filtering in heading controllers: impact on the power production of an energy ship G. Juin-Gauthier et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.10.096
- [Retracted] Configuration Generation Method of Ship End Program for Ship Energy Efficiency Management Platform Z. Wu & A. K K https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7742088
- Experimental proof-of-concept of an energy ship propelled by a Flettner rotor B. Elie et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042057
- Sensitivity analysis of parameters impacting the performance of an energy ship using airborne wind energy N. Frommer & P. Cheng https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/7/072018
- Investigating Alternative Application Ranges for Floating Offshore Wind M. Leimeister https://doi.org/10.3390/wind5010001
- Multi-objective optimization for an autonomous unmoored offshore wind energy system substructure A. Annan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121264
- Effect of rotor induction and peak shaving on energy performance and cost of stationary unmoored floating offshore wind turbines A. Babarit et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1439-2025
- Feasibility analysis of green hydrogen production from oceanic energy M. Pérez-Vigueras et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20046
- Ship energy efficiency and maritime decarbonization: A comprehensive review of technologies, regulations and emerging solutions C. Kaya et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/14750902261425082
- Optimal strategies of deployment of far offshore co-located wind-wave energy farms A. Saenz-Aguirre et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114914
- Comparison of optimal power production and operation of unmoored floating offshore wind turbines and energy ships P. Connolly & C. Crawford https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-725-2023
- Assessment and mitigation of the effects of waves and wind gusts on power production of an energy ship G. Juin-Gauthier et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.124133
- Analytical modelling of power production from Un-moored Floating Offshore Wind Turbines P. Connolly & C. Crawford https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111794
- Experimental and Numerical Study on the Seakeeping Performance of a Wind-Powered Generation Ship Considering Boom Configurations N. Trang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030412
- Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships – Part 2: Updated ship design and cost of energy estimate A. Babarit et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1191-2021
- Wind-assisted propulsion system for shipping decarbonization: Technologies, applications and challenges K. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.138420
- Expected annual energy production of unmoored floating offshore wind turbines using ERA5 data M. André et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/9/092003
- Wind Tunnel Experiment of Multi-Mode ARC Sail Device H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2021-0046
- Conceptual Study and Development of an Autonomously Operating, Sailing Renewable Energy Conversion System C. Rickert et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124434
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 Jun 2026
Short summary
This paper addresses the topic of far-offshore wind energy exploitation. Far-offshore wind energy exploitation is not feasible with grid-connected floating wind turbines because grid-connection cost, installation cost and O&M cost would be prohibitive. An enabling technology is the energy ship concept, which is described and modeled in the paper. A design of an energy ship is proposed. It is estimated that it could produce 5 GWh per annum of chemical energy (methanol).
This paper addresses the topic of far-offshore wind energy exploitation. Far-offshore wind...
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