Articles | Volume 6, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-601-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-601-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 May 2021
Research article |
| 03 May 2021
| 03 May 2021
On the scaling of wind turbine rotors
Helena Canet
Wind Energy Institute, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
Pietro Bortolotti
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Wind Energy Institute, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
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- First experimental results on lifetime-aware wind farm control R. Braunbehrens et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/3/032042
- An assessment of a dual-rotor wind turbine system and the implications of rotor phasing A. Winning et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X261418581
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- Investigation on dynamic performance of wind turbines using different scaling methods in wind tunnel tests K. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115961
- Empowering digital twins for wind energy operation and maintenance: A prospective framework and future directions M. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.116970
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- Scaled Testing for Wind Turbine Drivetrains: State of the art and recent developments M. Siddiqui et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/5/052010
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Power output fluctuations and unsteady aerodynamic loads of a scaled wind turbine subjected to periodically oscillating wind environments E. Aju et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0219853
- Design and Implementation of an Experimental Test Bench for the Study of Active Flow Control in Scale Wind Turbines J. Franco & G. Salinas-Anaya https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4067504
- High-Reynolds-number wind turbine blade equipped with root spoilers – Part 2: Impact on energy production and turbine lifetime T. Potentier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1771-2022
- Experimental and Numerical Validation of a Fully Composite Permanent Coupling for Segmented Wind Turbine Blades F. Santander-Bastida et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16062824
- Analysis of plate oscillatory motion in a variable air flow for power generation V. Beresnevics et al. https://doi.org/10.21595/vp.2024.24570
- Experimental investigation of wind turbine controllers for the Hybrid-Lambda Rotor D. Ribnitzky et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-469-2026
- Development and evaluation of a laboratory-scale test rig prototype for full characterization of wind turbine main bearing dynamics and condition monitoring S. Gbashi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113205
- Gas dynamic analysis of the modern single shaft gas turbine engine flow path S. Morhun & S. Vilkul https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2022-0019
- First experimental results on lifetime-aware wind farm control R. Braunbehrens et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/3/032042
- An assessment of a dual-rotor wind turbine system and the implications of rotor phasing A. Winning et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X261418581
- Design, steady performance and wake characterization of a scaled wind turbine with pitch, torque and yaw actuation E. Nanos et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1263-2022
- Dynamic Loads and Response of a Spar Buoy Wind Turbine with Pitch-Controlled Rotating Blades: An Experimental Study S. Russo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123598
- dMATCH: A novel integrated testing method for floating wind turbine dynamics – Potential error and its impact Y. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119303
- How realistic are the wakes of scaled wind turbine models? C. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-961-2021
- Dominant flow features in the wake of a wind turbine at high Reynolds numbers A. Piqué et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0086746
- Investigation on dynamic performance of wind turbines using different scaling methods in wind tunnel tests K. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115961
- Empowering digital twins for wind energy operation and maintenance: A prospective framework and future directions M. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.116970
- A review of physical and numerical modeling techniques for horizontal-axis wind turbine wakes M. Amiri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114279
- Validation of induction/steering reserve-boosting active power control by a wind tunnel experiment with dynamic wind direction changes S. Tamaro et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092067
- Techno-economic analysis of floating ocean current power plant of Haya Strait Indonesia W. Rumaherang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.123350
- Precession dynamics and morphology of rolling samaras B. Schaeffer & A. Dickerson https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2025.0391
- Multi-rotor wind turbines: A review of modern research efforts and challenges A. Sheik Hassan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.116252
- Gas dynamic analysis of the modern single shaft gas turbine engine flow path S. Morhun & S. Vilkul https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2022-0019
- Experimental and numerical analysis of NREL S823 airfoil with auxiliary airfoil integration K. Uma Reddy et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2024.2407470
- System design and scaling trends in airborne wind energy demonstrated for a ground-generation concept R. Joshi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-695-2025
- OC6 Phase Ib: Validation of the CFD predictions of difference-frequency wave excitation on a FOWT semisubmersible L. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110026
- A scaling methodology for the Hybrid-Lambda Rotor – characterization and validation in wind tunnel experiments D. Ribnitzky et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1329-2025
- Wind farm flow control: prospects and challenges J. Meyers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022
- Realistic turbulent inflow conditions for estimating the performance of a floating wind turbine C. Raibaudo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1711-2023
- Grand challenges in the design, manufacture, and operation of future wind turbine systems P. Veers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1071-2023
- Full dynamic similarity experiments and predictive modeling of wind turbine aerodynamics across control strategies J. Kurelek et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag303
- Wind tunnel experiments and model predictions of the performance of a floating offshore wind turbine undergoing pitch motion K. Panthi & G. Iungo https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0301237
- dMATCH: A novel integrated testing method for floating wind turbine dynamics-concept, framework and delay influence Y. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.120190
- Numerical modeling of wave basin experiments of a floating wind turbine with active thrust emulation: A discussion of important aspects L. Carmo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118379
- On the Necessity of Dynamic Inflow F. Matras & M. Pedersen https://doi.org/10.4173/mic.2024.1.3
- Turbulence distortion matters in predicting inflow turbulence noise of future wind turbines Ö. Yalçın et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-299-2026
- Numerical investigation of Reynolds number effects on scaled wind turbine rotors Y. Quan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.125073
- Scaled testing of maximum-reserve active power control S. Tamaro et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1607-2026
- Scaled Testing for Wind Turbine Drivetrains: State of the art and recent developments M. Siddiqui et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/5/052010
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 23 Oct 2026
Short summary
The paper analyzes in detail the problem of scaling, considering both the steady-state and transient response cases, including the effects of aerodynamics, elasticity, inertia, gravity, and actuation. After a general theoretical analysis of the problem, the article considers two alternative ways of designing a scaled rotor. The two methods are then applied to the scaling of a 10 MW turbine of 180 m in diameter down to three different sizes (54, 27, and 2.8 m).
The paper analyzes in detail the problem of scaling, considering both the steady-state and...
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