Articles | Volume 6, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-867-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-867-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Jun 2021
Research article |
| 08 Jun 2021
| 08 Jun 2021
Response of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind 15 MW WindCrete and Activefloat floating wind turbines to wind and second-order waves
Mohammad Youssef Mahfouz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Stuttgart Wind Energy (SWE), University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Climent Molins
UPC-Barcelona-Tech, Campus Nord, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 1, 3, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Pau Trubat
UPC-Barcelona-Tech, Campus Nord, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 1, 3, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Sergio Hernández
Esteyco, SA, Menéndez Pidal, 17, 28036 Madrid, Spain
Fernando Vigara
Esteyco, SA, Menéndez Pidal, 17, 28036 Madrid, Spain
Antonio Pegalajar-Jurado
Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 403, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Henrik Bredmose
Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 403, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Mohammad Salari
Stuttgart Wind Energy (SWE), University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5B, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Cited
44 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Advances in computational intelligence for floating offshore wind turbines aerodynamics: Current state review and future potential H. Mian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.116098
- A passively self-adjusting floating wind farm layout to increase the energy production: a sensitivity analysis M. Mahfouz & P. Cheng https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012053
- Long-term power and mooring fatigue evaluation of a 15-MW semi-submersible floating wind turbine in the Hsinchu offshore area N. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.122481
- Global design and dynamic analysis of floating offshore wind turbines with actively ballasted concrete floater G. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.127499
- Coupled effects of wave and depth-dependent current interaction on extreme responses of a spar-type floating wind turbine Z. Xin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.123510
- Effects of turbulent wind and irregular waves on the dynamic characteristics of a floating offshore wind turbine platform Y. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-023-0518-2
- Wake Effects on A Hybrid Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Farm with Multiple Hub Heights X. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-023-0009-3
- Wind field reconstruction using nacelle based lidar measurements for floating wind turbines M. Gräfe et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042022
- Dynamic response and loads analysis of a large offshore wind turbine under low-frequency wind fluctuations A. Syed et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-3321-2026
- Viscous added mass effects on the pitch motion prediction of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine L. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.127869
- Impact of hull flexibility on the global performance of a 15 MW concrete-spar floating offshore wind turbine I. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2024.103724
- A method for validating loads and responses of large floating wind turbines using nacelle-mounted lidar F. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2026.104019
- Comparing fatigue and ultimate loads of two- and three-bladed 20 MW floating offshore wind turbines F. Anstock et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2875/1/012001
- Dynamic performance of a passively self-adjusting floating wind farm layout to increase the annual energy production M. Mahfouz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1595-2024
- Quantification and correction of motion influence for nacelle-based lidar systems on floating wind turbines M. Gräfe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-925-2023
- Assessing the impact of waves and platform dynamics on floating wind-turbine energy production A. Fontanella et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024
- Onset of wake meandering for a floating offshore wind turbine under side-to-side motion Z. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.1147
- Integrated framework for the analysis and application of chaotic characteristics in the dynamic response of a 15 MW floating wind turbine semi-submersible platform B. Qin & Y. Zhang https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-026-00498-x
- Wind tunnel hardware-in-the-loop experiments about the global response of a 15 MW floating wind turbine A. Fontanella et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012059
- Coupled aerodynamic–structural optimization of floating wind farms with heterogeneous turbine configurations under wake interactions and turbine yaw misalignment W. Ding et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.127153
- Coupled response analysis of a novel articulated offshore wind turbine under complex marine conditions Y. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0310628
- A passively self‐adjusting floating wind farm layout to increase the annual energy production M. Mahfouz & P. Cheng https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2797
- Design and optimization of a 15 MW spar buoy floating offshore wind turbine A. Russell & F. Meng https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/8/082019
- Load Evaluation for Tower Design of Large Floating Offshore Wind Turbine System According to Wave Conditions H. Ahn et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041862
- Integrated floating wind farm layout design and mooring system optimization to increase annual energy production M. Mahfouz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/6/062020
- LQG control for hydrodynamic compensation on large floating wind turbines Q. Hawari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.067
- Increased tower eigenfrequencies on floating foundations and their implications for large two- and three-bladed turbines F. Anstock et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012002
- Effects of ballast transfer on modeling and dynamic responses of a 15MW semi-submersible floating wind turbine C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117581
- Short-term extreme value prediction for the structural responses of the IEA 15 MW offshore wind turbine under extreme environmental conditions W. Chai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118120
- Floaters upscaling for multi-megawatt floating wind turbines S. Di Carlo et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/8/082004
- The Role of Fully Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics for Floating Wind Applications: A Review H. Darling & D. Schmidt https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194836
- Frequency domain model performance for mooring system assessment of a concrete spar-type platform P. Trubat et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/8/082021
- Trends in floating offshore wind platforms: A review of early-stage devices E. Edwards et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114271
- A parametric study of the mooring system design parameters to reduce wake losses in a floating wind farm M. Youssef Mahfouz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042004
- Dedicated large-scale floating offshore wind to hydrogen: Assessing design variables in proposed typologies O. Ibrahim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112310
- A Review of Numerical and Physical Methods for Analyzing the Coupled Hydro–Aero–Structural Dynamics of Floating Wind Turbine Systems M. Maali Amiri et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030392
- Coupled analysis and performance evaluation of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine with active ballasting system W. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.123142
- Comparative design space exploration of centred and off-centred semisubmersible configurations for floating offshore wind turbines C. Rodríguez Castillo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120740
- Development of a TimesNet–NLinear Framework Based on Seasonal-Trend Decomposition Using LOESS for Short-Term Motion Response of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14060571
- Wind tunnel investigation of the aerodynamic response of two 15 MW floating wind turbines A. Fontanella et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1711-2022
- Review of Coupled Dynamic Modeling Methods for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines J. Chen https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010205
- Small-Signal Security Region of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Under Wind and Wave Disturbances Y. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2026.3668874
- Benchmarking study of 10 MW TLB floating offshore wind turbine I. Ramzanpoor et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-023-00295-w
44 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Effect of mooring system stiffness on floating offshore wind turbine loads in a passively self-adjusting floating wind farm M. Mahfouz & P. Cheng https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121823
- Advances in computational intelligence for floating offshore wind turbines aerodynamics: Current state review and future potential H. Mian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.116098
- A passively self-adjusting floating wind farm layout to increase the energy production: a sensitivity analysis M. Mahfouz & P. Cheng https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012053
- Long-term power and mooring fatigue evaluation of a 15-MW semi-submersible floating wind turbine in the Hsinchu offshore area N. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.122481
- Global design and dynamic analysis of floating offshore wind turbines with actively ballasted concrete floater G. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.127499
- Coupled effects of wave and depth-dependent current interaction on extreme responses of a spar-type floating wind turbine Z. Xin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.123510
- Effects of turbulent wind and irregular waves on the dynamic characteristics of a floating offshore wind turbine platform Y. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-023-0518-2
- Wake Effects on A Hybrid Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Farm with Multiple Hub Heights X. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-023-0009-3
- Wind field reconstruction using nacelle based lidar measurements for floating wind turbines M. Gräfe et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042022
- Dynamic response and loads analysis of a large offshore wind turbine under low-frequency wind fluctuations A. Syed et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-3321-2026
- Viscous added mass effects on the pitch motion prediction of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine L. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.127869
- Impact of hull flexibility on the global performance of a 15 MW concrete-spar floating offshore wind turbine I. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2024.103724
- A method for validating loads and responses of large floating wind turbines using nacelle-mounted lidar F. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2026.104019
- Comparing fatigue and ultimate loads of two- and three-bladed 20 MW floating offshore wind turbines F. Anstock et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2875/1/012001
- Dynamic performance of a passively self-adjusting floating wind farm layout to increase the annual energy production M. Mahfouz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1595-2024
- Quantification and correction of motion influence for nacelle-based lidar systems on floating wind turbines M. Gräfe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-925-2023
- Assessing the impact of waves and platform dynamics on floating wind-turbine energy production A. Fontanella et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024
- Onset of wake meandering for a floating offshore wind turbine under side-to-side motion Z. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.1147
- Integrated framework for the analysis and application of chaotic characteristics in the dynamic response of a 15 MW floating wind turbine semi-submersible platform B. Qin & Y. Zhang https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-026-00498-x
- Wind tunnel hardware-in-the-loop experiments about the global response of a 15 MW floating wind turbine A. Fontanella et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012059
- Coupled aerodynamic–structural optimization of floating wind farms with heterogeneous turbine configurations under wake interactions and turbine yaw misalignment W. Ding et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.127153
- Coupled response analysis of a novel articulated offshore wind turbine under complex marine conditions Y. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0310628
- A passively self‐adjusting floating wind farm layout to increase the annual energy production M. Mahfouz & P. Cheng https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2797
- Design and optimization of a 15 MW spar buoy floating offshore wind turbine A. Russell & F. Meng https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/8/082019
- Load Evaluation for Tower Design of Large Floating Offshore Wind Turbine System According to Wave Conditions H. Ahn et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041862
- Integrated floating wind farm layout design and mooring system optimization to increase annual energy production M. Mahfouz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/6/062020
- LQG control for hydrodynamic compensation on large floating wind turbines Q. Hawari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.067
- Increased tower eigenfrequencies on floating foundations and their implications for large two- and three-bladed turbines F. Anstock et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012002
- Effects of ballast transfer on modeling and dynamic responses of a 15MW semi-submersible floating wind turbine C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117581
- Short-term extreme value prediction for the structural responses of the IEA 15 MW offshore wind turbine under extreme environmental conditions W. Chai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118120
- Floaters upscaling for multi-megawatt floating wind turbines S. Di Carlo et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/8/082004
- The Role of Fully Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics for Floating Wind Applications: A Review H. Darling & D. Schmidt https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194836
- Frequency domain model performance for mooring system assessment of a concrete spar-type platform P. Trubat et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/8/082021
- Trends in floating offshore wind platforms: A review of early-stage devices E. Edwards et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114271
- A parametric study of the mooring system design parameters to reduce wake losses in a floating wind farm M. Youssef Mahfouz et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042004
- Dedicated large-scale floating offshore wind to hydrogen: Assessing design variables in proposed typologies O. Ibrahim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112310
- A Review of Numerical and Physical Methods for Analyzing the Coupled Hydro–Aero–Structural Dynamics of Floating Wind Turbine Systems M. Maali Amiri et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030392
- Coupled analysis and performance evaluation of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine with active ballasting system W. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.123142
- Comparative design space exploration of centred and off-centred semisubmersible configurations for floating offshore wind turbines C. Rodríguez Castillo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120740
- Development of a TimesNet–NLinear Framework Based on Seasonal-Trend Decomposition Using LOESS for Short-Term Motion Response of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14060571
- Wind tunnel investigation of the aerodynamic response of two 15 MW floating wind turbines A. Fontanella et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1711-2022
- Review of Coupled Dynamic Modeling Methods for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines J. Chen https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010205
- Small-Signal Security Region of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Under Wind and Wave Disturbances Y. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2026.3668874
- Benchmarking study of 10 MW TLB floating offshore wind turbine I. Ramzanpoor et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-023-00295-w
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 01 Oct 2026
Short summary
This paper introduces the numerical models of two 15 MW floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) WindCrete and Activefloat. WindCrete is a spar floating platform designed by Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, while Activefloat is a semi-submersible platform designed by Esteyco. The floaters are designed within the Horizon 2020 project COREWIND. Later in the paper, the responses of both models to wind and second-order waves are analysed with an emphasis on the effect of second-order waves.
This paper introduces the numerical models of two 15 MW floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs)...
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