Articles | Volume 7, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-659-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-659-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Mar 2022
Research article |
| 24 Mar 2022
| 24 Mar 2022
Validation of wind resource and energy production simulations for small wind turbines in the United States
Lindsay M. Sheridan
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Caleb Phillips
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Alice C. Orrell
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Larry K. Berg
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Heidi Tinnesand
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Raj K. Rai
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Sagi Zisman
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Dmitry Duplyakin
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Julia E. Flaherty
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Cited
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Hydrogen production potential from wind power in China by 2060 J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108492
- Performance of wind assessment datasets in United States coastal areas L. Sheridan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1551-2025
- Unprecedented daily winter extremes for the UK energy sector B. Hutchins et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ae5510
- Probabilistic wind speed modeling and hub-height optimization for small horizontal-axis wind turbine sizing in northern Morocco: a multi-distribution statistical framework I. Bougaa et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2026.2661063
- A novel arctic fox survival strategy inspired optimization algorithm E. Subha et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-024-01233-8
- Comparative Analysis of Long Short-Term Memory and Transformer for Wind Speed Prediction: Performance, Challenges, and Optimization M. Nazari & S. Shahbeyk https://doi.org/10.3103/S0003701X25601188
- Resource Assessment for Distributed Wind Energy: An Evaluation of Best-Practice Methods in the Continental US C. Phillips et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092005
- Loss Factors for Small Distributed Wind Turbines Based on Field Data in the United States https://doi.org/10.20900/jsr20260002
- Hybrid wind-solar energy potential modeling using ERA5 and solar irradiation data in google Earth Engine A. Masoud https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121042
- Super-Resolution for Renewable Energy Resource Data with Wind from Reanalysis Data and Application to Ukraine B. Benton et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143769
- Transformation of reanalysis data for improved long-term estimation of wind speed and direction at a target site J. Carta & P. Cabrera https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2026.125280
- Evaluating the potential of short-term instrument deployment to improve distributed wind resource assessment L. Sheridan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1451-2025
- Global techno-economic assessment of hybrid offshore wind, wave, and solar power E. Jonasson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127880
- A green energy framework and perspectives for off-grid industrial buildings in cold climates L. Melo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127990
- Current status and grand challenges for small wind turbine technology A. Bianchini et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022
- Validation of the representativeness of wind speed time series obtained from reanalysis data for Brazilian territory S. de Aquino Ferreira et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124746
- A comprehensive analysis of wind power integrated with solar and hydrogen storage systems: Case study of Java's Southern coast N. Hesty et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.185
- Skillful seasonal prediction of wind energy resources in the contiguous United States X. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01457-w
- Evaluation of a high-resolution regional climate simulation for surface and hub-height wind climatology over North America K. Peco et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-13-2026
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Hydrogen production potential from wind power in China by 2060 J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108492
- Performance of wind assessment datasets in United States coastal areas L. Sheridan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1551-2025
- Unprecedented daily winter extremes for the UK energy sector B. Hutchins et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ae5510
- Probabilistic wind speed modeling and hub-height optimization for small horizontal-axis wind turbine sizing in northern Morocco: a multi-distribution statistical framework I. Bougaa et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2026.2661063
- A novel arctic fox survival strategy inspired optimization algorithm E. Subha et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-024-01233-8
- Comparative Analysis of Long Short-Term Memory and Transformer for Wind Speed Prediction: Performance, Challenges, and Optimization M. Nazari & S. Shahbeyk https://doi.org/10.3103/S0003701X25601188
- Resource Assessment for Distributed Wind Energy: An Evaluation of Best-Practice Methods in the Continental US C. Phillips et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092005
- Loss Factors for Small Distributed Wind Turbines Based on Field Data in the United States https://doi.org/10.20900/jsr20260002
- Hybrid wind-solar energy potential modeling using ERA5 and solar irradiation data in google Earth Engine A. Masoud https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121042
- Super-Resolution for Renewable Energy Resource Data with Wind from Reanalysis Data and Application to Ukraine B. Benton et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143769
- Transformation of reanalysis data for improved long-term estimation of wind speed and direction at a target site J. Carta & P. Cabrera https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2026.125280
- Evaluating the potential of short-term instrument deployment to improve distributed wind resource assessment L. Sheridan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1451-2025
- Global techno-economic assessment of hybrid offshore wind, wave, and solar power E. Jonasson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127880
- A green energy framework and perspectives for off-grid industrial buildings in cold climates L. Melo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127990
- Current status and grand challenges for small wind turbine technology A. Bianchini et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022
- Validation of the representativeness of wind speed time series obtained from reanalysis data for Brazilian territory S. de Aquino Ferreira et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124746
- A comprehensive analysis of wind power integrated with solar and hydrogen storage systems: Case study of Java's Southern coast N. Hesty et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.185
- Skillful seasonal prediction of wind energy resources in the contiguous United States X. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01457-w
- Evaluation of a high-resolution regional climate simulation for surface and hub-height wind climatology over North America K. Peco et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-13-2026
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 30 May 2026
Short summary
The small wind community relies on simplified wind models and energy production simulation tools to obtain energy generation expectations. We gathered actual wind speed and turbine production data across the US to test the accuracy of models and tools for small wind turbines. This study provides small wind installers and owners with the error metrics and sources of error associated with using models and tools to make performance estimates, empowering them to adjust expectations accordingly.
The small wind community relies on simplified wind models and energy production simulation tools...
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