Articles | Volume 7, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-715-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-715-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Mar 2022
Research article |
| 25 Mar 2022
| 25 Mar 2022
Wake properties and power output of very large wind farms for different meteorological conditions and turbine spacings: a large-eddy simulation case study for the German Bight
Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
Siegfried Raasch
Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Cited
36 citations as recorded by crossref.
- How Fast is Fast Enough? Industry Perspectives on the Use of Large-eddy Simulation in Wind Energy H. Asmuth et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2505/1/012001
- Wind turbine wakes modeling and applications: Past, present, and future L. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118508
- Modern advancements of energy storage systems integrated with hybrid renewable energy sources for water pumping application M. Ahmed et al. 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.101967
- Brief communication: A simple axial induction modification to the Weather Research and Forecasting Fitch wind farm parameterization L. Vollmer et al. 10.5194/wes-9-1689-2024
- Evaluation of wind farm parameterizations in the WRF model under different atmospheric stability conditions with high-resolution wake simulations O. García-Santiago et al. 10.5194/wes-9-963-2024
- Future Wind Conditions in the German Bight Under RCP8.5 Emissions Scenario (2006–2099) From Regional Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model System MPIOM‐REMO M. Ortega et al. 10.1002/joc.8814
- Simulation and modeling of wind farms in baroclinic atmospheric boundary layers J. Kasper et al. 10.1063/5.0220322
- Statistics of Wind Farm Wakes for Different Layouts and Ground Roughness Z. Wang et al. 10.1007/s10546-023-00814-0
- Two-scale interaction of wake and blockage effects in large wind farms A. Kirby et al. 10.1017/jfm.2022.979
- Detecting offshore wind farm-induced wind wake signatures on sea surface using MODIS data W. Yu et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1465634
- The global blockage effect of a wind farm cluster - an LES study J. Meijer et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092093
- Impact of Negative Geostrophic Wind Shear on Wind Farm Performance A. Stieren et al. 10.1103/PRXEnergy.1.023007
- A diffusion-based wind turbine wake model K. Ali et al. 10.1017/jfm.2024.1077
- Wind Farm Wakes and Farm-to-Farm Interactions: Lidar and Wind Tunnel Tests W. Ahmed et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092105
- A large-eddy simulation analysis of collective wind farm axial-induction set points in the presence of blockage T. Delvaux & J. Meyers 10.5194/wes-10-613-2025
- An Improved Fringe-Region Technique for the Representation of Gravity Waves in Large Eddy Simulation with Application to Wind Farms L. Lanzilao & J. Meyers 10.1007/s10546-022-00772-z
- Study of aerodynamic performance and wake effects for offshore wind farm cluster J. Cao et al. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114639
- The actuator farm model for large eddy simulation (LES) of wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity waves and farm–farm interaction S. Stipa et al. 10.5194/wes-9-2301-2024
- Trading rights to consume wind in presence of farm-farm interactions M. Kenis et al. 10.1016/j.joule.2023.05.015
- Intercomparing the quality of recent reanalyses for offshore wind farm planning in Germany's exclusive economic zone of the North Sea T. Spangehl et al. 10.5194/asr-20-109-2023
- Numerical modelling of offshore wind-farm cluster wakes P. Ouro et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115526
- Large-eddy simulation of a 15 GW wind farm: Flow effects, energy budgets and comparison with wake models O. Maas 10.3389/fmech.2023.1108180
- Artificial intelligence-aided wind plant optimization for nationwide evaluation of land use and economic benefits of wake steering D. Harrison-Atlas et al. 10.1038/s41560-024-01516-8
- From gigawatt to multi-gigawatt wind farms: wake effects, energy budgets and inertial gravity waves investigated by large-eddy simulations O. Maas 10.5194/wes-8-535-2023
- Power Production, Inter- and Intra-Array Wake Losses from the U.S. East Coast Offshore Wind Energy Lease Areas S. Pryor & R. Barthelmie 10.3390/en17051063
- Estimating the technical wind energy potential of Kansas that incorporates the effect of regional wind resource depletion by wind turbines J. Minz et al. 10.5194/wes-9-2147-2024
- Investigating energy production and wake losses of multi-gigawatt offshore wind farms with atmospheric large-eddy simulation P. Baas et al. 10.5194/wes-8-787-2023
- Evaluation of Engineering Models for Large‐Scale Cluster Wakes With the Help of In Situ Airborne Measurements K. zum Berge et al. 10.1002/we.2942
- Comparison of near wind farm wake measurements from scanning lidar with engineering models A. Anantharaman et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022034
- Improving wind farm efficiency in offshore hybrid wind–solar farms with thermally induced secondary motions T. Bon et al. 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.10.043801
- Impact of wind farm wakes on flow structures in and around downstream wind farms A. Stieren & R. Stevens 10.1017/flo.2022.15
- Cumulative Interactions between the Global Blockage and Wake Effects as Observed by an Engineering Model and Large-Eddy Simulations B. Cañadillas et al. 10.3390/en16072949
- Stable Boundary Layers with Subsidence: Scaling and Similarity of the Steady State T. Bon et al. 10.1007/s10546-024-00882-w
- Modelling the impact of trapped lee waves on offshore wind farm power output S. Ollier & S. Watson 10.5194/wes-8-1179-2023
- Direct integration of non-axisymmetric Gaussian wind-turbine wake including yaw and wind-veer effects K. Ali et al. 10.5194/wes-10-511-2025
- A parametric large-eddy simulation study of wind-farm blockage and gravity waves in conventionally neutral boundary layers L. Lanzilao & J. Meyers 10.1017/jfm.2023.1088
36 citations as recorded by crossref.
- How Fast is Fast Enough? Industry Perspectives on the Use of Large-eddy Simulation in Wind Energy H. Asmuth et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2505/1/012001
- Wind turbine wakes modeling and applications: Past, present, and future L. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118508
- Modern advancements of energy storage systems integrated with hybrid renewable energy sources for water pumping application M. Ahmed et al. 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.101967
- Brief communication: A simple axial induction modification to the Weather Research and Forecasting Fitch wind farm parameterization L. Vollmer et al. 10.5194/wes-9-1689-2024
- Evaluation of wind farm parameterizations in the WRF model under different atmospheric stability conditions with high-resolution wake simulations O. García-Santiago et al. 10.5194/wes-9-963-2024
- Future Wind Conditions in the German Bight Under RCP8.5 Emissions Scenario (2006–2099) From Regional Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model System MPIOM‐REMO M. Ortega et al. 10.1002/joc.8814
- Simulation and modeling of wind farms in baroclinic atmospheric boundary layers J. Kasper et al. 10.1063/5.0220322
- Statistics of Wind Farm Wakes for Different Layouts and Ground Roughness Z. Wang et al. 10.1007/s10546-023-00814-0
- Two-scale interaction of wake and blockage effects in large wind farms A. Kirby et al. 10.1017/jfm.2022.979
- Detecting offshore wind farm-induced wind wake signatures on sea surface using MODIS data W. Yu et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1465634
- The global blockage effect of a wind farm cluster - an LES study J. Meijer et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092093
- Impact of Negative Geostrophic Wind Shear on Wind Farm Performance A. Stieren et al. 10.1103/PRXEnergy.1.023007
- A diffusion-based wind turbine wake model K. Ali et al. 10.1017/jfm.2024.1077
- Wind Farm Wakes and Farm-to-Farm Interactions: Lidar and Wind Tunnel Tests W. Ahmed et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092105
- A large-eddy simulation analysis of collective wind farm axial-induction set points in the presence of blockage T. Delvaux & J. Meyers 10.5194/wes-10-613-2025
- An Improved Fringe-Region Technique for the Representation of Gravity Waves in Large Eddy Simulation with Application to Wind Farms L. Lanzilao & J. Meyers 10.1007/s10546-022-00772-z
- Study of aerodynamic performance and wake effects for offshore wind farm cluster J. Cao et al. 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114639
- The actuator farm model for large eddy simulation (LES) of wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity waves and farm–farm interaction S. Stipa et al. 10.5194/wes-9-2301-2024
- Trading rights to consume wind in presence of farm-farm interactions M. Kenis et al. 10.1016/j.joule.2023.05.015
- Intercomparing the quality of recent reanalyses for offshore wind farm planning in Germany's exclusive economic zone of the North Sea T. Spangehl et al. 10.5194/asr-20-109-2023
- Numerical modelling of offshore wind-farm cluster wakes P. Ouro et al. 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115526
- Large-eddy simulation of a 15 GW wind farm: Flow effects, energy budgets and comparison with wake models O. Maas 10.3389/fmech.2023.1108180
- Artificial intelligence-aided wind plant optimization for nationwide evaluation of land use and economic benefits of wake steering D. Harrison-Atlas et al. 10.1038/s41560-024-01516-8
- From gigawatt to multi-gigawatt wind farms: wake effects, energy budgets and inertial gravity waves investigated by large-eddy simulations O. Maas 10.5194/wes-8-535-2023
- Power Production, Inter- and Intra-Array Wake Losses from the U.S. East Coast Offshore Wind Energy Lease Areas S. Pryor & R. Barthelmie 10.3390/en17051063
- Estimating the technical wind energy potential of Kansas that incorporates the effect of regional wind resource depletion by wind turbines J. Minz et al. 10.5194/wes-9-2147-2024
- Investigating energy production and wake losses of multi-gigawatt offshore wind farms with atmospheric large-eddy simulation P. Baas et al. 10.5194/wes-8-787-2023
- Evaluation of Engineering Models for Large‐Scale Cluster Wakes With the Help of In Situ Airborne Measurements K. zum Berge et al. 10.1002/we.2942
- Comparison of near wind farm wake measurements from scanning lidar with engineering models A. Anantharaman et al. 10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022034
- Improving wind farm efficiency in offshore hybrid wind–solar farms with thermally induced secondary motions T. Bon et al. 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.10.043801
- Impact of wind farm wakes on flow structures in and around downstream wind farms A. Stieren & R. Stevens 10.1017/flo.2022.15
- Cumulative Interactions between the Global Blockage and Wake Effects as Observed by an Engineering Model and Large-Eddy Simulations B. Cañadillas et al. 10.3390/en16072949
- Stable Boundary Layers with Subsidence: Scaling and Similarity of the Steady State T. Bon et al. 10.1007/s10546-024-00882-w
- Modelling the impact of trapped lee waves on offshore wind farm power output S. Ollier & S. Watson 10.5194/wes-8-1179-2023
- Direct integration of non-axisymmetric Gaussian wind-turbine wake including yaw and wind-veer effects K. Ali et al. 10.5194/wes-10-511-2025
- A parametric large-eddy simulation study of wind-farm blockage and gravity waves in conventionally neutral boundary layers L. Lanzilao & J. Meyers 10.1017/jfm.2023.1088
Latest update: 23 Apr 2025
Short summary
In the future there will be very large wind farm clusters in the German Bight. This study investigates how the wind field is affected by these very large wind farms and how much energy can be extracted by the wind turbines. Very large wind farms do not only reduce the wind speed but can also cause a change in wind direction or temperature. The extractable energy per wind turbine is much smaller for large wind farms than for small wind farms due to the reduced wind speed inside the wind farms.
In the future there will be very large wind farm clusters in the German Bight. This study...
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