Articles | Volume 7, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-741-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-741-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Fast yaw optimization for wind plant wake steering using Boolean yaw angles
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Wind Technology Center, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
Christopher Bay
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Wind Technology Center, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
Rafael Mudafort
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Wind Technology Center, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
Paul Fleming
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Wind Technology Center, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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Cited
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- An efficient optimization algorithm for active yaw control to increase wind farm power while considering load reduction Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139116
- Control co-design of a large offshore wind farm considering the effect of wind extractability M. Pahus et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092026
- A novel optimization method for maximizing wind farm performance through turbine positioning and yaw angle estimation S. Al-Rubaye & R. Gil-Pita https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120546
- An analytical modeling study on yaw-based wake redirection control for large-scale offshore wind farm annual energy power improvement J. Tan et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0207111
- Addressing deep array effects and impacts to wake steering with the cumulative-curl wake model C. Bay et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-401-2023
- High-dimensional wind farm wake modeling and efficiency optimization using a hybrid modeling approach Z. Mehmood et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0349084
- Serial-Refine Method for Fast Wake-Steering Yaw Optimization P. Fleming et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/3/032109
- Analytical solutions for yawed wind-turbine wakes with application to wind-farm power optimization by active yaw control Z. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117691
- Yaw Optimisation for Wind Farm Production Maximisation Based on a Dynamic Wake Model Z. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093932
- Optimizing yaw angles for improved power generation in offshore wind farms: A statistical approach I. Formoso https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119830
- Artificial intelligence-aided wind plant optimization for nationwide evaluation of land use and economic benefits of wake steering D. Harrison-Atlas et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01516-8
- Global optimization of wake steering for large-scale wind farms using generalized serial refinement method Y. Tu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127259
- Data-driven Kriging modeling for power optimization in twin-rotor wind farms: A simplified equivalent cooperative yaw strategy Z. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2026.142231
- Decentralized yaw optimization for maximizing wind farm production based on deep reinforcement learning Z. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117031
- Integer programming for optimal yaw control of wind farms F. Bestehorn et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1637-2025
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- An efficient optimization algorithm for active yaw control to increase wind farm power while considering load reduction Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139116
- Control co-design of a large offshore wind farm considering the effect of wind extractability M. Pahus et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092026
- A novel optimization method for maximizing wind farm performance through turbine positioning and yaw angle estimation S. Al-Rubaye & R. Gil-Pita https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120546
- An analytical modeling study on yaw-based wake redirection control for large-scale offshore wind farm annual energy power improvement J. Tan et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0207111
- Addressing deep array effects and impacts to wake steering with the cumulative-curl wake model C. Bay et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-401-2023
- High-dimensional wind farm wake modeling and efficiency optimization using a hybrid modeling approach Z. Mehmood et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0349084
- Serial-Refine Method for Fast Wake-Steering Yaw Optimization P. Fleming et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/3/032109
- Analytical solutions for yawed wind-turbine wakes with application to wind-farm power optimization by active yaw control Z. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117691
- Yaw Optimisation for Wind Farm Production Maximisation Based on a Dynamic Wake Model Z. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093932
- Optimizing yaw angles for improved power generation in offshore wind farms: A statistical approach I. Formoso https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119830
- Artificial intelligence-aided wind plant optimization for nationwide evaluation of land use and economic benefits of wake steering D. Harrison-Atlas et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01516-8
- Global optimization of wake steering for large-scale wind farms using generalized serial refinement method Y. Tu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127259
- Data-driven Kriging modeling for power optimization in twin-rotor wind farms: A simplified equivalent cooperative yaw strategy Z. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2026.142231
- Decentralized yaw optimization for maximizing wind farm production based on deep reinforcement learning Z. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117031
- Integer programming for optimal yaw control of wind farms F. Bestehorn et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1637-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 15 Oct 2026
Short summary
In wind plants, turbines can be yawed to steer their wakes away from downstream turbines and achieve an increase in plant power. The yaw angles become expensive to solve for in large farms. This paper presents a new method to solve for the optimal turbine yaw angles in a wind plant. The yaw angles are defined as Boolean variables – each turbine is either yawed or nonyawed. With this formulation, most of the gains from wake steering can be reached with a large reduction in computational expense.
In wind plants, turbines can be yawed to steer their wakes away from downstream turbines and...
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