Articles | Volume 8, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-865-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-865-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Jun 2023
Research article |
| 01 Jun 2023
| 01 Jun 2023
A comparison of eight optimization methods applied to a wind farm layout optimization problem
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Nicholas F. Baker
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
Paul Malisani
Applied Mathematics Department, IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
Erik Quaeghebeur
Uncertainty in AI Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, the Netherlands
Sebastian Sanchez Perez-Moreno
RWE Renewables GmbH, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
John Jasa
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Christopher Bay
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Federico Tilli
TU Delft, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
David Bieniek
RWE Renewables GmbH, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
Nick Robinson
UL Renewables, British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
Andrew P. J. Stanley
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Wesley Holt
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
Andrew Ning
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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Cited
35 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Global optimization of wake steering for large-scale wind farms using generalized serial refinement method Y. Tu et al.
- A neighborhood search integer programming approach for wind farm layout optimization J. Pérez-Rúa et al.
- Wake Mixing Control For Floating Wind Farms: Analysis of the Implementation of the Helix Wake Mixing Strategy on the IEA 15-MW Floating Wind Turbine D. van den Berg et al.
- Architectural spatial layout optimization for age-friendly micro-renewal in old communities based on the TSDP-PSO model F. Chen
- Many-objective optimisation of offshore wind farms P. Manikowski et al.
- Exploring the effectiveness of cell size criteria and comparison of nine recently developed metaheuristic algorithms for wind farm layout optimization A. Semnani et al.
- Optimization in offshore wind farms – a survey of problems, models, and solution approaches V. Petersen et al.
- Discrete bi-population differential evolution for optimizing complex wind farm layouts in diverse terrains J. Li et al.
- A novel circle-packing NLP model for offshore wind farm layout and cable optimization A. Negrete-Romero et al.
- Characterization of Multimodality in Wind Farm Layout Optimization D. Poole
- An optimization framework for wind farm layout design using CFD-based Kriging model Z. Wang et al.
- FlowFormer: Toward a foundation model for full-flow-field wind farm wake modeling R. Li et al.
- Offshore wind farm layout optimization accounting for participation in secondary reserve markets T. Nguyen et al.
- Evaluating the potential of a wake steering co-design for wind farm layout optimization through a tailored genetic algorithm M. Baricchio et al.
- A novel optimization method for maximizing wind farm performance through turbine positioning and yaw angle estimation S. Al-Rubaye & R. Gil-Pita
- Constrained multimodal multi-objective optimization for large-scale wind farm layout by tri-population coevolutionary framework F. Zhang et al.
- Robust wind farm layout optimization M. Sinner & P. Fleming
- Need For Speed: Fast Wind Farm Optimization M. Sarcos et al.
- A Two-Step Grid–Coordinate Optimization Method for a Wind Farm with a Regular Layout Using a Genetic Algorithm G. Huang et al.
- The future of offshore wind power production: Wake and climate impacts S. Warder & M. Piggott
- Leveraging Quantum Annealing for Layout Optimization L. Nigro et al.
- Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimization Framework for Offshore Wind Farm Layout Design I. Silva et al.
- Floating Wind Farm Layout Optimization Considering Moorings and Seabed Variations M. Hall et al.
- Towards high-fidelity wind farm layout optimization using polynomial chaos expansion and Kriging model Y. Shao et al.
- Beyond a single solution: Multimodal wind farm layout optimization via cluster annealing elite search Y. Chen et al.
- Offshore wind farm layout optimization with alignment constraints P. Malisani et al.
- Achieving Power-Noise Balance in Wind Farms by Fine-Tuning the Layout with Reinforcement Learning G. Guo et al.
- Evaluation of Multi-Branch River Hub Layout Schemes Based on Dynamic Weight-Cloud Model: A Case Study of the Ganjiang River X. Huang et al.
- Speeding up large-wind-farm layout optimization using gradients, parallelization, and a heuristic algorithm for the initial layout R. Valotta Rodrigues et al.
- Factors Impacting Projected Annual Energy Production from Offshore Wind Farms on the US East and West Coasts R. Barthelmie et al.
- A robust active power control algorithm to maximize wind farm power tracking margins in waked conditions S. Tamaro et al.
- FLOWERS AEP: An Analytical Model for Wind Farm Layout Optimization M. LoCascio et al.
- Floating wind farms in sea basins with moderate wind speeds: a critical assessment of the potential of low-specific-power turbines in reducing the LCoE R. Travaglini et al.
- Stochastic black-box optimization using multi-fidelity score function estimator A. Agrawal et al.
- Efficient wind farm layout optimization with the FLOWERS AEP model and analytic gradients M. LoCascio et al.
35 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Global optimization of wake steering for large-scale wind farms using generalized serial refinement method Y. Tu et al.
- A neighborhood search integer programming approach for wind farm layout optimization J. Pérez-Rúa et al.
- Wake Mixing Control For Floating Wind Farms: Analysis of the Implementation of the Helix Wake Mixing Strategy on the IEA 15-MW Floating Wind Turbine D. van den Berg et al.
- Architectural spatial layout optimization for age-friendly micro-renewal in old communities based on the TSDP-PSO model F. Chen
- Many-objective optimisation of offshore wind farms P. Manikowski et al.
- Exploring the effectiveness of cell size criteria and comparison of nine recently developed metaheuristic algorithms for wind farm layout optimization A. Semnani et al.
- Optimization in offshore wind farms – a survey of problems, models, and solution approaches V. Petersen et al.
- Discrete bi-population differential evolution for optimizing complex wind farm layouts in diverse terrains J. Li et al.
- A novel circle-packing NLP model for offshore wind farm layout and cable optimization A. Negrete-Romero et al.
- Characterization of Multimodality in Wind Farm Layout Optimization D. Poole
- An optimization framework for wind farm layout design using CFD-based Kriging model Z. Wang et al.
- FlowFormer: Toward a foundation model for full-flow-field wind farm wake modeling R. Li et al.
- Offshore wind farm layout optimization accounting for participation in secondary reserve markets T. Nguyen et al.
- Evaluating the potential of a wake steering co-design for wind farm layout optimization through a tailored genetic algorithm M. Baricchio et al.
- A novel optimization method for maximizing wind farm performance through turbine positioning and yaw angle estimation S. Al-Rubaye & R. Gil-Pita
- Constrained multimodal multi-objective optimization for large-scale wind farm layout by tri-population coevolutionary framework F. Zhang et al.
- Robust wind farm layout optimization M. Sinner & P. Fleming
- Need For Speed: Fast Wind Farm Optimization M. Sarcos et al.
- A Two-Step Grid–Coordinate Optimization Method for a Wind Farm with a Regular Layout Using a Genetic Algorithm G. Huang et al.
- The future of offshore wind power production: Wake and climate impacts S. Warder & M. Piggott
- Leveraging Quantum Annealing for Layout Optimization L. Nigro et al.
- Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimization Framework for Offshore Wind Farm Layout Design I. Silva et al.
- Floating Wind Farm Layout Optimization Considering Moorings and Seabed Variations M. Hall et al.
- Towards high-fidelity wind farm layout optimization using polynomial chaos expansion and Kriging model Y. Shao et al.
- Beyond a single solution: Multimodal wind farm layout optimization via cluster annealing elite search Y. Chen et al.
- Offshore wind farm layout optimization with alignment constraints P. Malisani et al.
- Achieving Power-Noise Balance in Wind Farms by Fine-Tuning the Layout with Reinforcement Learning G. Guo et al.
- Evaluation of Multi-Branch River Hub Layout Schemes Based on Dynamic Weight-Cloud Model: A Case Study of the Ganjiang River X. Huang et al.
- Speeding up large-wind-farm layout optimization using gradients, parallelization, and a heuristic algorithm for the initial layout R. Valotta Rodrigues et al.
- Factors Impacting Projected Annual Energy Production from Offshore Wind Farms on the US East and West Coasts R. Barthelmie et al.
- A robust active power control algorithm to maximize wind farm power tracking margins in waked conditions S. Tamaro et al.
- FLOWERS AEP: An Analytical Model for Wind Farm Layout Optimization M. LoCascio et al.
- Floating wind farms in sea basins with moderate wind speeds: a critical assessment of the potential of low-specific-power turbines in reducing the LCoE R. Travaglini et al.
- Stochastic black-box optimization using multi-fidelity score function estimator A. Agrawal et al.
- Efficient wind farm layout optimization with the FLOWERS AEP model and analytic gradients M. LoCascio et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 Apr 2026
Short summary
This work compares eight optimization algorithms (including gradient-based, gradient-free, and hybrid) on a wind farm optimization problem with 4 discrete regions, concave boundaries, and 81 wind turbines. Algorithms were each run by researchers experienced with that algorithm. Optimized layouts were unique but with similar annual energy production. Common characteristics included tightly-spaced turbines on the outer perimeter and turbines loosely spaced and roughly on a grid in the interior.
This work compares eight optimization algorithms (including gradient-based, gradient-free, and...
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