Articles | Volume 8, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-975-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-975-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
From shear to veer: theory, statistics, and practical application
Department of Wind Energy, Risø Lab/Campus, Danish Technical University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
Maarten Paul van der Laan
Department of Wind Energy, Risø Lab/Campus, Danish Technical University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
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Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Observation of wind and thermodynamic structure within an urban boundary layer J. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214961
- Comparing lidar-derived and conventional wind profile extrapolations for fatigue load calculations on large wind turbines F. Bornemann et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/4/042003
- Study on load distribution characteristics and wind-resistant performance of standstill wind turbines considering the effect of wind veer T. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.123726
- An extended analytical wake model and applications to yawed wind turbines in atmospheric boundary layers with different levels of stratification and veer G. Narasimhan et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0251305
- Influence of incoming turbulent scales on the wind turbine wake: A large-eddy simulation study D. Vahidi & F. Porté-Agel https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0222372
- Reconstructing the upwind field of wind turbines using LiDAR data M. Khezri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.104382
- Statistical characterization of marine wind structure over wind-turbine-relevant heights in tropical cyclones J. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2024.105874
- Impact of inflow conditions and turbine placement on the performance of offshore wind turbines exceeding 7 MW K. Vratsinis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1803-2026
- Unravelling the effects of atmospheric dynamics on wakes with a controlled synthetic inflow methodology K. Heck & M. Howland https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2026.10062
- Sector-specific atmospheric stability distributions and seasonal variations: A comparison between NEWA simulations and in-situ meteorological mast measurements F. Tuna et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106396
- Analytical Model Coupling Ekman and Surface Layer Structure in Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows G. Narasimhan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-024-00859-9
- Beyond the First Generation of Wind Modeling for Resource Assessment and Siting: From Meteorology to Uncertainty Quantification M. Kelly https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071589
- Toward improved offshore wind design: Variability of wind veer revealed by hybrid cluster analysis of lidar data Z. Shu et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0283624
- A simple steady-state inflow model of the neutral and stable atmospheric boundary layer applied to wind turbine wake simulations M. van der Laan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1985-2024
- Identification of wind inflow characteristics from nacelle lidar measurements in the induction zone of a 9 MW wind turbine Y. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.124523
- Wind farm dynamics over a diurnal cycle: Analysis of a comprehensive large-eddy simulation, web-services accessible dataset S. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0283412
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Observation of wind and thermodynamic structure within an urban boundary layer J. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214961
- Comparing lidar-derived and conventional wind profile extrapolations for fatigue load calculations on large wind turbines F. Bornemann et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/4/042003
- Study on load distribution characteristics and wind-resistant performance of standstill wind turbines considering the effect of wind veer T. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.123726
- An extended analytical wake model and applications to yawed wind turbines in atmospheric boundary layers with different levels of stratification and veer G. Narasimhan et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0251305
- Influence of incoming turbulent scales on the wind turbine wake: A large-eddy simulation study D. Vahidi & F. Porté-Agel https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0222372
- Reconstructing the upwind field of wind turbines using LiDAR data M. Khezri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.104382
- Statistical characterization of marine wind structure over wind-turbine-relevant heights in tropical cyclones J. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2024.105874
- Impact of inflow conditions and turbine placement on the performance of offshore wind turbines exceeding 7 MW K. Vratsinis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1803-2026
- Unravelling the effects of atmospheric dynamics on wakes with a controlled synthetic inflow methodology K. Heck & M. Howland https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2026.10062
- Sector-specific atmospheric stability distributions and seasonal variations: A comparison between NEWA simulations and in-situ meteorological mast measurements F. Tuna et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106396
- Analytical Model Coupling Ekman and Surface Layer Structure in Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows G. Narasimhan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-024-00859-9
- Beyond the First Generation of Wind Modeling for Resource Assessment and Siting: From Meteorology to Uncertainty Quantification M. Kelly https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071589
- Toward improved offshore wind design: Variability of wind veer revealed by hybrid cluster analysis of lidar data Z. Shu et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0283624
- A simple steady-state inflow model of the neutral and stable atmospheric boundary layer applied to wind turbine wake simulations M. van der Laan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1985-2024
- Identification of wind inflow characteristics from nacelle lidar measurements in the induction zone of a 9 MW wind turbine Y. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.124523
- Wind farm dynamics over a diurnal cycle: Analysis of a comprehensive large-eddy simulation, web-services accessible dataset S. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0283412
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 01 Sep 2026
Short summary
The turning of the wind with height, which is known as veer, can affect wind turbine performance. Thus far meteorology has only given idealized descriptions of veer, which has not yet been related in a way readily usable for wind energy. Here we derive equations for veer in terms of meteorological quantities and provide practically usable forms in terms of measurable shear (change in wind speed with height). Flow simulations and measurements at turbine heights support these developments.
The turning of the wind with height, which is known as veer, can affect wind turbine...
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