Articles | Volume 9, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-141-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-141-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Jan 2024
Research article |
| 18 Jan 2024
| 18 Jan 2024
Drivers for optimum sizing of wind turbines for offshore wind farms
Wind Energy Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Michiel Zaaijer
Wind Energy Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Dominic von Terzi
Wind Energy Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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Cited
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The transonic safe mode as an enabler of next-generation wind turbines D. De Tavernier et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00656-x
- Characterisation and Integration of Piezoelectric Trimorph Actuators for Blade Active Surface Control on a Scaled Wind Turbine J. Fuentes Holden et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092094
- Modeling frontal low-level jets and associated extreme wind power ramps over the North Sea H. Baki et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1575-2025
- Deniz Üzeri Rüzgâr Enerjisi Bibliyometrik Analizi: Öncelikli Araştırma Alanları ve Gelişen Eğilimler E. Özkan Aksu & C. Gencer https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1653494
- Low-level jets in the southern North Sea: implications for wind turbine performance using Doppler lidar observations P. Haezebrouck et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1343-2026
- Towards offshore hydrogen production via floating wind turbines: a comparative study on main electrolyzer technologies in two Mediterranean case studies R. Travaglini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.147653
- Techno-Economic Layout Optimization of Floating Offshore Wind Farms in Emerging Archipelagic Markets: A Philippine Case Study C. Cimeni et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-026-00799-6
- Double-Clamped Flutter-Type Triboelectric Generators Under Various Environmental Conditions J. Kang et al. https://doi.org/10.4313/JEEM.2026.39.4.14
- Development of a Physics-Based Digital Twin Framework for a 3 MW Class Wind Turbine C. Kim https://doi.org/10.3390/en19041088
- Effects of a Near Wake model on the performance of a Multi-Megawatt wind turbine with an active flap A. Gamberini et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/2/022056
- Floating Offshore Wind Energy: Challenges and Research Needs in Fluid Mechanics A. Viré et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-025-00717-9
- Blade shape optimization of floating offshore vertical axis wind turbines for maximum power coefficient under platform pitch motion J. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.125634
- System design and scaling trends in airborne wind energy demonstrated for a ground-generation concept R. Joshi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-695-2025
- The weakest link? A spatial planning perspective on supply chain and resilience risks for Europe’s offshore wind ambitions F. Fliegner https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114970
- Split incentives in shared waters: Introducing a multi-actor techno-economic assessment framework for offshore wind decommissioning J. Vetters et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128065
- Material and carbon intensity of offshore wind foundations for sustainable infrastructure N. Bolson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.147836
- Aerodynamic Performance and Wake Characteristics of a Four-Rotor Wind Turbine Z. Li & J. Chen https://doi.org/10.3390/en19163879
- Designing wind turbines for profitability in the day-ahead market M. Mehta et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2283-2024
- Optimizing preventive maintenance for hybrid renewable energy systems: A production-driven approach A. Tijjani et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748006X261426671
- Floating wind farms in sea basins with moderate wind speeds: a critical assessment of the potential of low-specific-power turbines in reducing the LCoE R. Travaglini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115990
- Floating offshore wind in Japan: addressing the challenges, efforts, and research gaps for large-scale commercialization R. Wada et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1013-2026
- Review and quantification of major risks in wind farm development and operation M. Gräfe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-3475-2026
- Experimental study of transonic flow over a wind turbine airfoil A. Aditya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2925-2025
- The Role of Double-Φ Floating Semi-Submersible Vertical Axis Wind Turbines in Suppressing the Gyroscopic Effect J. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215847
- Experimental investigation of the occurrence of transonic flow effects on the FFA-W3-211 airfoil A. Aditya et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/2/022031
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The transonic safe mode as an enabler of next-generation wind turbines D. De Tavernier et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00656-x
- Characterisation and Integration of Piezoelectric Trimorph Actuators for Blade Active Surface Control on a Scaled Wind Turbine J. Fuentes Holden et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092094
- Modeling frontal low-level jets and associated extreme wind power ramps over the North Sea H. Baki et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1575-2025
- Deniz Üzeri Rüzgâr Enerjisi Bibliyometrik Analizi: Öncelikli Araştırma Alanları ve Gelişen Eğilimler E. Özkan Aksu & C. Gencer https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1653494
- Low-level jets in the southern North Sea: implications for wind turbine performance using Doppler lidar observations P. Haezebrouck et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1343-2026
- Towards offshore hydrogen production via floating wind turbines: a comparative study on main electrolyzer technologies in two Mediterranean case studies R. Travaglini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.147653
- Techno-Economic Layout Optimization of Floating Offshore Wind Farms in Emerging Archipelagic Markets: A Philippine Case Study C. Cimeni et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-026-00799-6
- Double-Clamped Flutter-Type Triboelectric Generators Under Various Environmental Conditions J. Kang et al. https://doi.org/10.4313/JEEM.2026.39.4.14
- Development of a Physics-Based Digital Twin Framework for a 3 MW Class Wind Turbine C. Kim https://doi.org/10.3390/en19041088
- Effects of a Near Wake model on the performance of a Multi-Megawatt wind turbine with an active flap A. Gamberini et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/2/022056
- Floating Offshore Wind Energy: Challenges and Research Needs in Fluid Mechanics A. Viré et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-025-00717-9
- Blade shape optimization of floating offshore vertical axis wind turbines for maximum power coefficient under platform pitch motion J. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.125634
- System design and scaling trends in airborne wind energy demonstrated for a ground-generation concept R. Joshi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-695-2025
- The weakest link? A spatial planning perspective on supply chain and resilience risks for Europe’s offshore wind ambitions F. Fliegner https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114970
- Split incentives in shared waters: Introducing a multi-actor techno-economic assessment framework for offshore wind decommissioning J. Vetters et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128065
- Material and carbon intensity of offshore wind foundations for sustainable infrastructure N. Bolson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.147836
- Aerodynamic Performance and Wake Characteristics of a Four-Rotor Wind Turbine Z. Li & J. Chen https://doi.org/10.3390/en19163879
- Designing wind turbines for profitability in the day-ahead market M. Mehta et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2283-2024
- Optimizing preventive maintenance for hybrid renewable energy systems: A production-driven approach A. Tijjani et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748006X261426671
- Floating wind farms in sea basins with moderate wind speeds: a critical assessment of the potential of low-specific-power turbines in reducing the LCoE R. Travaglini et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115990
- Floating offshore wind in Japan: addressing the challenges, efforts, and research gaps for large-scale commercialization R. Wada et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1013-2026
- Review and quantification of major risks in wind farm development and operation M. Gräfe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-3475-2026
- Experimental study of transonic flow over a wind turbine airfoil A. Aditya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2925-2025
- The Role of Double-Φ Floating Semi-Submersible Vertical Axis Wind Turbines in Suppressing the Gyroscopic Effect J. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215847
- Experimental investigation of the occurrence of transonic flow effects on the FFA-W3-211 airfoil A. Aditya et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/2/022031
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 Sep 2026
Short summary
Turbines are becoming larger. However, it is important to understand the key drivers of turbine design and explore the possibility of a global optimum, beyond which further upscaling might not reduce the cost of energy. This study explores, for a typical farm, the entire turbine design space with respect to rated power and rotor diameter. The results show a global optimum that is subject to various modeling uncertainties, farm design conditions, and policies with respect to wind farm tendering.
Turbines are becoming larger. However, it is important to understand the key drivers of turbine...
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